.. "
..~
..
, CURSO DE INGLES RECOMENDACIONES
PRELIMINARES
Pronunciación.
Vocabulario.
Las explicaciones que más adelante damos sobre la pronunciación son de suma importancia. Es indispensable que el estudiante memorice los símbolos fonéticos. Para evitar cualquier confusión entre sonidos y la asimilación por la memoria de formas erróneas, es útil confeccionar una lista de estos símbolos, copiados del libro, y tenerla siempre a la vista, por lo menos durante las primeras lecciones del curso.
Los vocabularios incluidos en las lecciones de este curso señalan el sentido y la pronunciación de las voces. Es útil consultar a menudo los vocabularios de las lecciones precedentes. Es recomendable ir formando un léxico españolinglés para poder, sin pérdida de tiempo, encontrar la palabra que se necesite. Desde la primera lección deberíamos apuntar en fichas fáciles de clasificar o en una libreta con índice alfabético todas las voces españolas que aparecen en los vocabularios de las lecciones, con su traducción inglesa y la trascripción fonética.
Ejercicios. No recomendamos hacer ningún ejercicio si no se dominan perfectamente el vocabulario y las reglas gramaticales correspondientes a cada lección. (Adviértase que la corrección de los ejercicios constituye la última parte de este curso.) Al hacer los ejercicios debemos abstenemos de consultar el libro. Si no recordáramos algunas palabras, es mejor dejar el lugar en blanco. Terminado el ejercicio, podemos buscar las palabras omitidas en los vocabularios de las lecciones precedentes o en un buen diccionario, apuntarlas y memorizarlas. Las traducciones del español al inglés requieren empeño y método especiales. Al concluir el ejercicio -sin la ayuda del libro- debemos compararlo con el texto de las correcciones y fijamos en los errores cometidos. Pasados dos o tres días volveremos a la tarea, traduciendo del español al inglés con el único recurso de la memoria. Esto debe repetirse tantas veces cuanto sea necesario para que el ejercicio quede sin error.
Inglés comercial. Sería vana empresa intentar un estudio del inglés comercial dentro del marco reducido de estas lecciones. Sin embargo, en el capítulo llamado "Nociones de correspondencia comercial" se han incluido en forma sucinta algunas indicaciones con el fin de guiar al estudiante hacia la asimilación de expresiones enteras y palabras nuevas de gran valor práctico. Consejos generales. Estudiar sin prisa. Repasar a menudo el material de las lecciones anteriores para estar seguro de no haber olvidado nada de los vocabularios precedentes. -Procuremos que el oído se familiarice con los sonidos del ingles y confrontemos las indicaciones del capítulo sobre la pronunciación figurada con discos y radio.
PRONUNCIACION La mayor dificultad que el estudiante de lengua española encuentra en el aprendizaje del inglés estnba en la pronunciación. Ello se debe-a que 'pocas son las letras que tienen el mismo valor fonético en ambos idiomas; la ortografía ínglesa no es fonética; el inglés conserva por tradición una ortografía que ya no corresponde a la :pronunciación actual. La práctica enseña en casi todos los casos cómo pronunciar las palabras impresas, pero ¡cuidado!: hay excepciones también, y por eso todos los buenos diccionarios indican la pronunciación correcta. Para el principiante, es imprescindible aprender a pronunciar bien los sonidos propios del inglés, por lo cual se utilizan símbolos fonéticos. Trascrlpclón fonética. En este capítulo, y para todas las palabras que se emplean en este curso, hemos elegido el sistema fo-
nético de mayor aceptación. Recordemos que cada signo convencional corresponde a un solo sonido o articulación. A más de su pronunciación correcta, es muy importante también marcar la diferencia entre sonidos largos y sonidos breves; los sonidos largos se señalan con [:], colocados a continuación del símbolo. _. pit (pit) ít (it)
live (liv)
hoyo eso vivir
feet (fi:t) pies eat (i: t) comer leave (li:v) dejar
Vocales. [i] Semejante a la i española en táctico, es muy breve: bit (bit) pink (pink)
trozo rosa
fit (fit)
ajuste
.•-
hi~
----
100 - Curso de inglés [i:] Semejante a la i española en nido, pero más larga: deem (di:m)
estimar
meat (mi:t)
carne
[e] Semejante a la e española, menos abierta que en verso, más abierta que en tomé: bet (bet) credit (kredit)
apostar crédito
reí] name (neim) nombre pain (pein) dolor
jet (dget) chorro cake (keik)
cat (keet) gato hat (heet) sombrero man (rneen) hombre lamb (Ieem) cordero Semejante a la a española en mamá: calm (ka: m) calma father (fa: O;}} padre [Cl]
large (le: dg) grande
es intermedia entre re y a:, y también de duración mediana: pass (P.ClS) laugh (lClf)
paso risa
botella
[iCl]dear (dio) cheer (tjía) [E;}]
care (keo) fair (fsa)
cow (kau) drought (draut) joy (dgoi) coin (koin)
caro buen humor cuidado claro
vaca sequía alegría moneda
fear (fía) theatre (Bíctc)
miedo teatro
bear (bee) oso rare (rsa) raro
pobre gira
sure (Su;:¡) seguro
hot (hot) caliente
en poro:
puesto atrapado
[ou] nose (nouz) nariz dough (dou) masa
foil bor (boi) muchacho soi (soil) suelo
[u;:¡]poor (pua) tour (tuo)
[:>:] Semejante a la o española como la primera
stall (sto: 1) caught (ko.t)
[au] bough (bau) rama doubt (daut) duda
rhyme (raim) rima die (dai) morir eye (ai) ojo
el primer sonido [E] es más abierto que la e: parecido al español en verso.
can't (kant) no puedo
E:>] es intermedia entre a: yo española:
bottle (botl)
Son muy frecuentes en las sílabas acentuadas. Deben pronunciarse en una sola emisión de voz, y con la excerción de [ju:], que se pronuncia como iu en españo , consisten en el estrechamiento progresivo de la articulación de una vocal fuerte hacia la de una vocal más débil. Utilizando los símbolos anteriores, se escriben así: [ai] time (taimj tiempo cry (krai) llorar dye (dai) teñir
pastel
[re] es una a muy aguda:
[Cl:]
Dlptongos.
o
saw (so: ) sierra
bone (boun) crow (krou)
hueso cuervo
[u] Semejante a la u española en título: butcher (butj'o) carnicero good (gud) bueno
pull (pul) tirar could (kud) podía
[u:] Como la u española, pero larga: boot (bu: t) bota choose (tju.z) escoger chew (tju. ) masticar,
Un solo diptongo se pronuncia con el acento en la 2~mitad de la emisión de voz: [ju:] few (fju:) pocos dew (dju:) rocío due (dju:) debido mute (rnju: t) mudo pure (pju;c) puro tuesday (tju:zdi) martes Consonantes. a) El primer grupo lo forman las oclusivas. Son aquellas que para pronunciarse requieren momentáneamente el cierre completo de la cavidad bucal. Cuando luego se abre el paso para aspirar el aire, se produce una especie de explosión. Este efecto de explosión es mucho más fuerte en inglés que en español. Las oclusivas sordas son: [p] la oclusión se produce por el cierre de los labios.
Las demás vocales no tienen equivalente en español. Para pronunciarlas es necesario levantar la parte central de la lengua más arriba de la posición horizontal que guarda para la a española. [A] Sonido breve, que se asemeja un poco a la o cerrada de cómodo. Aparece en sílabas acentuadas: but (bat) pero mother( mAoCl) madre E;}: ]
plum (plxm) ciruela plunge (plxndg) sumergir
Sonido largo y gutural que aparece en sílabas acentuadas. Los labios están tensos, en posición neutral, un poco como para la i. El sonido parece fluir desde la garganta, sin articulación. bird (bo: d) pájaro girdle (ga:d) faja purse (pa: s) monedero word (wo.d) palabra
[;:¡]Similar al anterior, pero muy breve. Aparece en muchas sílabas no acentuadas, cualquiera sea su ortografía. motion ('mouJ;:¡n)movimiento attempt (o'tempt) intento pavement ('peivm;:¡nt) pavimento
[t] la oclusión se produce apoyando fuertemente la punta de la lengua sobre la encía superior. [k] la oclusión se produce apoyando el dorso de la lengua contra el velo del paladar, como en caqui en español. La letra p es muda en el grupo inicial ps de algunas palabras de origen griego: psalm (su. m) salmo psychology ('saibl;:¡d3i) psicología La letra k es muda en el grupo inicial kn: knee (ni:) rodilla
know (nou) saber
Las oclusivas sonoras [b] [d] [g] corresponden a los sonidos p, t, k en cuanto a la oclusión, pero las cuerdas vocales vibran durante la emisión del sonido. Adviértase que el grupo de letras gh es mudo en la palabra high (hai), y al final de palabras si va seguido de una t: night (nait) noche flight (flait) vuelo brought (bro.t) traído
"
Curso de inglés - 101
Decon en
Ivo
b) Las fricativas deben su nombre al hecho de que la salida del aire aspirado se efectúa por un estrecho canal, produciendo una fricción audible. [f] es sorda y [v] es sonora. Contrariamente español, tienen la misma articulación.
de ite-
l
úa
few (fju:)
thick (Bik) grueso this (ois) és te
.da
entre
a
y
t, y
entre
la
así como en las palabras:
vista
on
La 1 doble se pronuncia siempre como una simple: dollar (dolo) dólar collusion (ka'lju: 3:to)
el hijo la hija
-------
114- Curso de inglés
the grandson ('grzendsxn) the granddaughter
el nieto
el la el la el la el
uncle (xnkl) aunt (ant) nephew ('nevju:) niece (ni: s) cousin (kazn) Negative
hermano hermana tío tía sobrino sobrina primo, la prima
conjugation
del verbo
1 cannot' 1 must not
1 do not work
on grammar. Conjugación
después
n. Los demás verbos, para formar negaciones en el presente de indicativo, emplean al auxiliar do con la partícula not, ambas voces situadas entre el sujeto y el verbo, este último puesto en el iniinitivo y sin la partícula to.
of a verb
1 do not work (du: not) we do not work he does not work (dsz not ) you do not work they do not work she does not work it does not work Las contracciones son: don't (dount) y doesn't (dxznt). Remarks
not, colocada
1 am not There is not 1 have not
la nieta
('grrend'd::>ta) the brother ('brAoa) the sister ('sista)
the the the the the
la negación
El verbo en la forma negativa es invariable; sólo el auxiliar toma la desinencia de la 3~ persona del singular. he works he does not work she speaks she does not speak 1
negativa
, I. Ya hemos visto que la conjugación negativa de los verbos auxiliares to be y to have y de los verbos defectivos como can y must se forma con
él trabaja él no trabaja ella habla ella no habla
Cannot se escribe siempre en una sola palabra.
Ejercicio 4O.-Poner en forma negativa: He works, he learns, he speaks, he goes. She hears, she sees, she tastes, she feels. -We like, we begin, we know, we answer. -They end, they walk, they skate, they run.
LESSON NUMBER TWENTY-FOUR - TWENTY-FOURTH LES SON 1? inversión;
THE FAMILY (con tinued)
2? adición de s apostroiada
The parents are the father and mother. The children are the sons and daughters. Aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces and cousins are only relations (ri'Ieijanz). The grandparents are the grandfatlíer and grandmother. They are old. The grandchildren are the grandson and granddaughter. They are young. The father and mother are married. The father is the husband ('hAzband), the mother is the wife (waif). The father is a man (rneen), the mother is a woman (wumon). The son is a boy, the daughter is a girl. Children must love (lAV) their parents and obey (o'bei) them in all things. Remarks
on e:rammar. Irregular
man woman
plurals
men women
child wife
children wives
Possesive case. El caso posesivo inglés suprime la preposición of cuando expresa pertenencia: el libro de mi profesor: the book ot my teacher se abrevia: My teacher's book. Existe, pues:
al nombre del poseedor; 3? supresión de la preposición of; 4? supresión del artículo antes del objeto poseído. . the lesson oi this boy the father oi the little girl -
Cuando el nombre del poseedor está en plural (y por tanto termina con s), basta añadir el apóstrofe. the books of the boys - the boys' books; the children of the parents - the parents' children. pero: the books of these children - these children's books. Ejercicio 41.-Contestar a las preguntas: What is the feminine of father, son, husband? What is the masculine of aunt, niece, sister? What is the plural of child, man, woman? How many brothers and sisters have you? Have you many aunts and uncles? Is your grandfatber very old? Ejercicio 42.-Poner en forma posesiva: The father of my father is my grandfather. -The brother oi my father is my uncle. -The sister oi my father is rny aunt. The son oi my uncle is my cousin. -The daughter of my sister is my niece. -The son of my brother is my nephew. .
LESSON NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE - TWENTY-FIF'rH Interrogative Do 1 Does Does Does
conjugation
work? he work? she work? it work?
Are you an Englishman? Are yau an American? Have you an English book? Have you a German book? Are there many pages in this book?
Do we work? Do you work? Do thev work? No, 1 am noto Yes,I amo Yes, 1 have. _ No, 1 have. noto Yes, there are. No, there are noto
this boy's lesson; the little girl's father.
Remarks
LESSON
on grammar.
Conjugación
interrogativa
(Presente)
I. Los verbos que no son auxiliares, como to be y ta have, ni defectivos, como can, may y must, forman la conjugación interrogativa en el presente de indicativo mediante el auxiliar do (para la 3~ persona: does)
n.
1 work - Do 1 work? He works - Does he work? Al contestar a una pregunta se acostumbra
Curso de inglés repetir el auxiliar, en vez del verbo, en forma afirmativa cuando la respuesta es sí y en forma negativa cuando es no: 10t
s en
, do
'e el [tivo
Do you speak English? Can you speak English?
Yes, 1 do. Yes,I can. NO,I cannot. Yes,I must.
Jiust you work to learn English? Señor, señora,
señorita.
Sí, señor, este señor es el señor Brown.
Yes, sir, this gentleman
is Mr. Brown.
Sí, señora, esta dama es la señora Brown.
Yes, Madam, this lady is Mrs. Brown.
sólo del
Sí, señorita,
esta joven es la señorita
115
Jane Brown.
Yes, Madam, this young lady is Miss Jane Brown. Las abreviaturas Mr. ('mist~), Mrs. ('misiz) y la voz Miss (mis) siempre preceden al apellido o al nombre completo de una persona. (Las mujeres casadas adquieren el nombre y el apellido del marido y dejan de usar el apellido' paterno.) Las palabras sir (so; ) y Madam ('mred~m) se usan solas como formas de cortesía; gentleman ('d3entlman), señor, caballero y lady ('leidi), señora, dama, se usan solas como nombres comunes. (Las voces sir y lady se usan además en los títulos nobiliarios ingleses).
LESSON NUMBER TWENTY - SIX - TWENTY - SIXTH LESSON THE FAMILY (review) MY COUSIN JOHN
irks, she : an-
isee-
John is a big, strong boy about 13 years old. He tal! and wel! formed. He is not the most studious boy of his class, nor is he the most clever. In fact, he is very lazy; he neither studies his lessons nor does his exercises; he does not like study, he does aot care for books or lessons, but he is fond of a11 sports. If he is last in grammar or spelling or mathematics, he is not last on the playing field. He can take part in any sport he likes, but chiefly footbalJ, baseball and hockey. Yet his father is not pleased with him and says zhat if he does not turn over a new leaf next term, it will be necessary to punish him severely. MY GRANDFATHER'S
ído.
LIFE
My grandfather is now seventy-two years old. He was at school from 8 to 15 years of age and then he
her.
began to work in an office as a clerk. He married when he was twenty-five years old; his wife was a good, affectionate woman and they lived very happily together. They had several children, two son s and three daughters. One of these daughters was my mother. Now my grandfather does not work. He lives in the country. He is neither deaf nor blind, nor even short-sighted. He is not very strong, of course, but he goes out for a walk every day, when the weather is fine. Ejercicio 43.-Contestar, refiriéndose a los textos anteriores y usando para las respuestas la forma abreviada (V. ejemplos de conversación en la lección 25): Is John big? - Is he a studious boy? - Is he lazy? - Does he learn his lessons? - Does he do his homework? - Is he fond of sport? - Can he play footbalJ? - Was your grandfather born in 1893?- Is he old? - Was he married when he was 25 years old? - Had he many children? - Does he work now? - Does he go out every day?
LESSON NUMBER TWENTY-SEVEN -TWENTY-SEVENTH
LESSON
1 (y ofe.
MEN'S CLOTHES
reno
a ~ks. the ~ine nan, ¡ou? ther r of
~fa-
flllt. r of my
pair
of) trousers
(~ p¡;;:¡ov 'trauzez) , a pair of) shorts (f::¡: ts) shirt (J~: t) collar ('k::>l~) belt ,(belt) .:. pocket ('p::¡kit) tie (tai)
a pair of) socks
(klouóz)
pantalones calzón, pantalones tos camisa cuello cinturón bolsillo corbata calcetines
(soksr.,
a pair of) shoes a pair of) slippers ('slip;:¡z)
overcoat
pantuflas abrigo
('ouv;:¡kout) jacket ('d3rekit)
handkerchiei
saco pañuelo
('hrel)k~tfi: f)
raincoat closet " to put on * to take off
impermeable armano, ropero ponerse quitarse
WOMEN'S CLOTHES bra
1 DRESS
cor-
In the morning I get up at seven o'clock in winter and at half past SIX in summer. 1 dress: 1 put on my shirt and my trousers-which 1 hold up with a belt-my socks and my shoes. 1 put a tie round my collar and a handkerchief in my pocket. When 1 go out, 1 put on my overcoat, if it is cold, and my raincoat, if it is raining. When 1 come in, 1 take off my overcoat and 1 hang it in the closet. 1 take off my shoes and put on my slippers. Ejercicio 44.-Contestar en inglés: At what time do you get up? - At what time do you go to bed? - What do you put on first? - Do you put on slippers when you go out? - Do you put on an overcoat when you are at home? - What has aman round his collar? - Has a woman a pair of socks on her feet? - Do you put on shoes when you go out? Ejercicio 45.-Escribir el texto "1 dress" en la tercera persona masculina del singular. Ejercicio 46.-Traducir: En el invierno no me levanto a las 7 horas. No me visto a las 8 horas. El alumno se pone el abrigo. Cuando no salgo, no me pongo mi abrigo. Cuando no me levanto, no me pongo mis pantuflas.
LES SON NUMBER TWENTY-EIGHT-TWENTY-EIGHTH
lote l 3~
,
vestirse colgar sostener
zapatos
(Su: z) W1
be ust,
lo dress (dres) "to hang * lo hold up
Vocabulary,
pair of) panties ('prentiz)
calzones, pantaletas, bombachas
brassiere (brzes'jea) stockings ('st:Jkil)z) garter belt ('ga: te 'belt)
LES SON sostén medias portaligas,
liguero
116 - Curso de inglés
slip (slip) skirt (sko: t) sweater ('swet;-¡) blouse (blauz) dress (dres) coat (kout) jacket ('d3rekit) gloves (glxvs) umbrella (xm'brelo)
enaguas, fondo falda suéter blusa vestido abrigo saco guantes paraguas abanico delantal delantal de nma llevar puesto, usar
[an (fzen) apron ('eipran)
* to wear
(WE;-¡)
pinafore .(pinab: )
underclothes she wears a dress or a skirt with a blouse or with a sweater. When she goes out she puts on a jacket or a coat and a pair of gloves. When it is very cold she puts on a coat with a fur collar. At home she wears an apron over her dress. At school little girls wear pinafores. When it rains, a woman takes an umbrella. In warm countries ladies have fans to fan themselves with.
Clothes and underclothes.-Women's underclothes are the brassiere, the panties and the slip. A woman holds up her stockings with a garter belt. Over her
Ejercicio 47.-Contestar en inglés: What are a woman's underclothes? - What does she put over them? - With what does she hold up her stockings? - What has she round her neck in winter? - Does she take an umbrella when the weather is fine? - What do little girls wear at school? - Does a gentleman wear an apron? - Do schoolboys wear pinafores? - Do little girls wear long or short skirts?
LESSON NUMBER TWENTY-NINE - TWENTY-NINTH LESSON Remarks
THE BATHROOM ('ba:6rum) rnirror
('mira)
espejo palangana agua jabón toalla
basin ('beisn) water ('w;,: to) soap (soup) towel ('taual) brush (bra]') comb (koum) part ('r.a:t) clean (kli m )
1. Pretérito
afirmativo. En la conjugación afirmativa, el pretérito de un verbo regular se obtiene añadiendo la terminación ed (o d) a la forma del infinitivo.
cepillo
dirty
('da: ti) to clean (kli: n)
to wash (wo]') to brush (bra] ) to comb (koum) "to throw (6rou)
to open: 1 opened, he opened, etc. to dance: 1 danced, he danced, etc.
peme raya (de peinado) limpio sucio limpiar lavar, lavarse cepillar peinar echar, tirar
Compound
(Ver Lección 11) Il. Pretérito La negación
negativo. en el pretérito de todos los verbos (regulares e irregulares) se forma con el auxiliar did (pretérito de do) y la partícula noto El verbo se emplea entonces en el infinitivo, pero sin to,
nouns
a toothbrush
cepillo para dientes
('tu: Bbrx]')
a nailbrush ('neilbrAf) a hairbrush ('hE;-¡buf) Preterite
cepillo para uñas cepillo para cabello
of a regular
Affirmation
verb
III. Participio pasado. El participio pasado de un verbo regular termina en ed (o d) como el pretérito.
la con-
Ejercicio 48.-Traducir: In the morning when 1 get up, the first thing I do is to go to the bathroom. 1 wash my face and my hands with soap and water. I wipe them with a towel, but I am not yet ready. 1 must clean and brush my nails; then 1 must brush my teeth with a toothbrush, and comb my hair before the mirror. When I am quite ready, 1 finish dressing. 1 put everything back in its place before going out.
LES SON NUMBER THIRTY - THIRTIETH Irregular
* * * * * * * " *
to to to to to to to to to
sit, sat, sat stand, stood, stood take, took, taken give, gave, given speak, spoke, spoken see, saw, seen do, did, done know, knew, known understand,
understood, understood * to begin, began, begun * to go, went, gane * to come, carne, come
verbs sentarse estar de pie o parado tomar, coger dar hablar ver hacer saber comprender comenzar ir venir
Verbos irregulares
ingleses
Su irregularidad sólo se presenta en el pretérito afirmativo y en el participio pasado; por tanto, para
to clean: cleaned (limpiado)
(lavado)
I did not work he (she, it) did not work we, did not work you did not work they did not work
En el estilo familiar se usa con frecuencia tracción didn't ('didnt)
to work: Yes, 1 worked - No, 1 did not work. to open: Yes, 1 opened - No, 1 did not open.
to wash: washed
Negation
1 worked (wa.kt) he (she, it) worked we worked you worked they worked
on grammar_
LESSON
saber conjugarlo basta con memorizar las tres formas: infinitivo, pretérito y participio pasado. Así, el verbo to take es irregular, porque su pretétito se conjuga: I took, you took, he took, etc. (y no: 1 taked), y porque su participio pasado es taken (y no: taked). Es preciso aprender a recitar sin vacilaciones: to take, I took, taken - to give, 1 gave, given, etc. Ejercicios de conjugación Ejercicio 49.-Poner en negativo: 1 am aman, 1 work, 1 learn, 1 study - She is a schoolgirl. She does her homework and goes to school- We can speak and write a letter in English. - You must listen to me. - He is reading and writing. - They are dancing and playing. - Yesterday we were at home. We corrected our exercises and repeated our lessons. - They opened their books. - We spoke English. - They wrote a dictation (lo write, wrote, written). Ejercicio SO.-Poner en pretérito: A little girl is at the door. She comes* in and says, "Good rnorning". She
Curso de inglés with a nit she gloves. 1 a fur I dress. I. ralns, •
* to her place, takes* her books and exercise books begins* to work. The teacher speaks* English. He questions and we answer. - 1 am reading and you
117
are listening. This lesson is difficult to learn, 1 have many lessons to learn. There are many lessons in this book.
LES SON NUMBER THIRTY-ONE - THIRTY-FIRST
LES SON
thernTHE HOUSE (haus) 'a
wo-
them? - What :ake an o little ear an o little
roof (ru: f) chimney ('tfimni) story ('st::>:ri) :e floor (fI::>:) se groundfloor
el la la el el
techo chimenea planta, el alto piso piso bajo
ze first floor ('fa: st f'lo cellar ('sela) se D""al'Con.y=-t'b::eIK;}Íli) stairs or staircase;
el el el la
primer piso sótano saiéón escalera
steaz, 'stsakeis) slate (sleit) te tile (tail) stone (stoun)
la pizarra la teja la piedra
'graundflo:
de un
)
Preterite
ración
Aff.
.rote
ierbos ixiliar
-- wrote wrote wrote wrote wrote y wrote
of an irregular
The Verb Presente.-a)
rma añadiendo
sh my them n and vith a When vthing
kitchen (kitj'in) te basem*nt ('beismant)
iretéyno: en (y
vacire, gi-
work, s her write He is rying. exertheir :ation is at '. She
Did Did Did Did Did Did Did
1 write? he write? she write? it write? we write? you write? they write?
el dormitorio, la recámara el comedor
- - ----..-:.._-
-ie
s for-
V. Lección 8 que terminan en y, precedida por cambian esta y por ies en la 3~ per-
pero:
to copy, he copies
to study,
he studies
to play, he plays
to obey,
he obeys
Nota: Las dos últimas reglas se aplican igualmente al plural de los sustantivos: a box, boxes -
a boy, boys -
la sala de estar el estudio el cuarto de baño e~arto de niños desván, la buhardilla la cocina el sótano
MEALS (mi:lz) COMIDAS
Lunch (Ianj') or dinner ('dina) is at 2 o'clock. Breakiast ('brekfast) is at 8 o'clock. Supper ('sApa) is a cold meal. ACTIONS
('rekf.mz)
In the bedroom, 1 * sleep (sli:p). In the dining room, 1 * eat (i:t). In the bathroom, 1 * take baths (bcu óz). In the study, 1 work (wa.k) In the kitchen, the servant cooks (kuks) the meals. In the living room, 1 receive (ri'si: v) visitors or iends (frendz).
a lady, ladies
Ejercicio 51.-Contestar a las preguntas: Do you live in a house? - On what floor do you live? - How many stories are there in your house? - Do you live on the ground floor? - Have you a balcony? - On what floors are there balconies? - What are the walls of your house made of? - What are the doors and floors made of? - What is the roof covered with? - What is the color of a tile? - Where is the cellar? - Do you live in the cellar?
(continued)
:e dining room 'dainin rum) ;.e living room (Iivin rum) :e study ('stAdi) :e bathroom ('ba: 6rum) :e nursery ('na: sri) --el 'e attic ('retik)
he must
sona del singular:
Review
bedroom ('bedrum)
he can,
como can,
he brushes, he teaches, he dresses, he boxes, he does, he goes. e) Los verbos
La tercera persona del singular se s al infinitivo de verbos regulares
THE HOUSE
d
defectivos
b) Los verbos que terminan en sh, ch, s, x, Z, o en o toman la desinencia es en la 3~ persona del singular
LESSON NUMBER THIRTY-TWO-THIRTY-SECOND
rmina
et up,
verbos
he comes,
" "una consonante,
Interrog.
1 did not write he did not write she did not write it did not write we did not write you did not write they did not write
(excepto
he looks,
verb
Neg.
aitivo, rk. en.
o irregulares must ... ).
LESSON
New verbs * to * to to to
sleep, slept, slept eat, ate, eaten cook receive
The Verb -
dormir comer cocer, cocinar recibir
Review (continued) Pretérito
a) En los verbos regulares, éste se forma añadiendo ed al infinitivo (o simplemente una d si el verbo termina en e). to ask to receive
1 asked 1 receíved
b) Cuando el infinitivo termina con consonante sencilla, precedida por vocal acentuada, la consonante se duplica. 1 stop 1 fan
1 stopped ('st::>pt) 1 fanned ('frend)
e) Cuando el infinitivo ción del pretérito es ied. to copy, 1 copied ('bpid) pero: to play, 1 played (pleid)
termina
en y, la termina-
to study, 1 studied (s'txdid) to obey, 1 obeyed (a'beid)
118 -
Curso de inglés
LESSON NUMBER THIRTY-THREE -THIRTY-THIRD
2? Adviértase la forma de usar el adverbio finido so me delante de los nombres genéricos:
FOOD [ood (fu:d) meat (mi:t)
alimento, vituallas carne verduras postre queso mermelada mermelada de naranja
vegetables ('ved3itdblz) dessert (di'za.t) cheese (tfi: z) jam (dgeem) marmalade ('ma: moleid)
fruit (fru: t) fruta bread (bred) pan butter ('bAtd) mantequilla wine (wain) vino tea (ti:) té coiiee ('bfi) café sojt drink (soft drink) refresco beer (bid) cerveza cider ('said: k) [ence (fens)
lawn (b:n) convenience (kon'vi: njans) appliance (a'plaians) entertainment (enta'teinmont) sink (sink) dishwasher (dij'woja; ) gas range (gees'reindg) backyard (beek'yn: d) outdoors (aut'do: z) upstairs (xp'stsaz) downstairs (daun'stcoz) stairs (stEgZ) den (den) [urnace
(fo: nis)
pigeon ('pid3gn) kennel ('kenl) [owl ('fau}) flock ('fbk)
orchard (':>: tjod) lattice ('lretis) basket (baskit) to contairt (kon'tein) to retain (ri'tein) to resemble (ri'zembl) to afford (o'fo.d) to iron (aion) to stretch ('stret.f) to waddle ('w:>dl) to cluster ('klAstg) to gather ('greo;)
piso, departamento edificio hogar, casa propia residencial miniatura pueblo acera barda césped comodidad • aparato
diversión
fregadero lavaplatos estufa de gas patio o corral trasero fuera de la casa, al aire libre arriba, en la planta alta . bajo, en el piso bajo escalera estudio horno de caldera paloma perrera ave rebaño. bandada huerta enrejado, celosía canasta contener retener, conservar parecerse soportar el gasto planchar restirar anadear arracimarse recolectar
AN AMERICAN HOME Mr. Brown would not like to live in an apartment building in town. He lives in his own house in the suburbs. The residential suburb is really a city in miniature, but it still retains something of the quiet village from which it grew. Neighbors are friendly, the sidewalks are lined with trees and there are fenceless lawns in front of each house. Mr. Brown's house has every modern convenience, and it was designed for today's informal way of living. Since only the richest people can afford servants, Mrs. Brown relies on electrical appliances to easy the housework. The living room on the ground floor is used for watching television and for entertaining. The dining room is used only on special occasions, when the family has company for dinner. Everyday meals are taken in a small dining area next to the kitchen. The kitchen is very large. It contains a sink, a dishwasher, a gas range and a refrigerator. The ironing board and the washing machine are near the door leading to the backyard, because Mrs. Brown likes to hang the clothing outdoors in the sun. The bedrooms and bathrooms are upstairs. The childrens' bedrooms are large enough for study and play. Mr. Brown's den and workshop are in the basem*nt, next to the furnace room. Algunos verbos irregulares
-
Repaso
* to build, built, built
construir
(bild, bilt) * to grow, grew, grown (grou, gru:, groun)
crecer
* to stick, stuck, stuck
pegar
*
(stik, stxk) to begin, began, begun (bi'gin, bi'geen, bi'gan)
comenzar
Curso de inglés -
* to send,
sent, sent sent) * to bu~, bought, bought (bai, bo. t) * to get, got, gotten (get, gotn) *totind, found,found (faind, faund) * lo learn, learnt, learnt
enviar
iríva-
h in!s do -indi[bajo 10
mes! ierióin de ,café. ¡eros, ) dórker, er, a IS
si-
vind, lenty dust, ) ad-
mislong, ieau-
(la.n.Ta.nt) * lo say" said, said (sei, sed) met, met (mi:t, met) * lo keep, kept, kept (ki:p, kept) * lo drive, drove, driven (draiv, drouv, drivn) * to ride, rode, ridden (raid, roud, ridn) * lo fly, flew, flown (flai, flu:, floun) * lo catch, caught, caught (keetj', ko: t) * lo shine, shone, shone (fain, [oun) * to leave, left, left (li:v,left) * to think, thought, thought (Bink, 6:>:t)
* to meet,
* to strike, struck, struck (straik, strak) 1
comprar
Apago:
conseguir hallar,
o
prendo: nent the iatulage e si-
.less nce, : Iivsersto for iing
dairea :. It r remabeoutThe and ase-
trie light.
encontrar
decir encontrarse, reunirse guardar, mantener conducir, ir en coche montar, ir en algún vehículo volar asir, coger, atrapar brillar dejar pensar golpear,
Ejercicio 96.-Tradueir: Our house, [rom "David Copby Charles Dickens (Observemos en la siguiente trascripción la diferencia de ortografía con las palabras modernas que hemos ido aprendiendo. Algunas de estas diferencias aún subsisten en la ortografía actual de Gran Bretaña). On the groundfloor is Peggotty's kitchen, opening into a backyard with a pigeonhouse in the centre, without any pigeons in it; a great dogkennel in a comer without any dog, and a quantity of fowls that look terribly taIl to me walking about in a menacing and ferocious manner. Tbere is one co*ck and a flock of geese who stretch out their necks when waddling after me. There is a long passage leading from Peggotty's kitchen to the front-door. A dark store-room opens out of it. Then there are the two parlours, the parlour in which we .sit in the evening, my mother, Peggotty and I. and the better parlour where we sit on Sunday grandly but not comfortably. And now 1 see the orchard along our garden waIl. 1 see also the outside of our house, with the latticed window of my mother's bedroom standing open to let in the sweet-smelling air. Now 1 am in the garden at the back where the fruit cluster on the trees, and where my mother gathers some in a basket. Ejercicio 97.-Preguntas sobre el texto precedente: Where was Peggoty's kitchen? Into what did the kitchen open? What is a back yard? What is a dog's kennel? What barnyard fowls do you know? What is the feminine of co*ck? What do you calI a young co*ck or hen? What is a baby chicken or a baby bird calIed? What is the singular of geese? How do geese walk? What did the passage lead to? What is a store room? Out of which room did it open? Who sat in the parlour in the evening? What do you see in an orchard? What fruit trees do you know? Into what did the mother put the fruits she had gathered? What is the difference between some and any?, between much and many? What is the difference between Hule and few? Who was the author of David Copperfield? perjield"
aprender
pegar
Frases útiles: un fósforo una vela el as . { la fuz eléctrica
1 strike a match. 1 light a eandle. 1 turn on the gas. 1 switch on the electrie light.
LES SON NUMBER FIFTY-SEVEN -FIFTY-SEVENTH the necessity (ni'sesiti) the restaurant
necesidad restaurante
('rest;:¡r:>: nt)
the waiter (weíts) the menu ('menju:) the establishment (is'tzeblijment) the licence ('lais;:¡ns) the check (tj'ek) the tip (tip) the variety (va'raiati) the serviee ('s;:¡:vis) the drug store ('drAg st:>:) the beverage ('bev;:¡rid3)
the reireshment (ri'frej'mant) the ice cream (ais kri:m) the ilavour o flavor
camarero menú establecimiento, licencia cuenta propina variedad servicio farmacia, bebida refresco
local
droguería
helado sabor
('fleiv;:¡)
the sundae ('sAndi:) the sandwich Csrendwitf) the cajeteria (keefati: rja) reasonable ('ri: znobl) to license (Taisons) to present (pri'zent) to suggest (sxg'dgast) to cater ('keit;:¡) to tip (tip) to provide (pra'vaid) * to take down * to drive in
postre helado emparedado cafetería razonable extender licencia presentar sugerir dar servicio dar propina proveer, proporcionar apuntar entrar con coche
LES SON
In a restaurant, people are seated at smaIl tabIes and are waited on by waiters or waitresses. In a restaurant, you can have the "day's special" or choose from the menu whatever dish you prefer or can afford. If it is a Iicensed establishment and you feel like having a drink, you may ask the waiter to show you the winelist. The waiter takes down your arder and he will later bring you the check. You pay for the meal, and you tip the waiter. Besides restaurants, there is a great variety of eating places which provide quick, informal service and food at reasonable prices. Many public buildings have a lunch counter where hot meals are served. Drug sto res usually have a soda fountain where you can get hot beverages. refreshments, ice cream of every flavor, sundaes and sandwiches. Drive-ins cater to the motorist. Most dairy bars, tea room s and cafeterias offer a greater variety of foods than what their names suggest. They are all cheaper than restaurants but they sell neither wine nor beer.
EXPRESIONES
UTILES A LA MESA
Do you like your meat well done? ¿Le gusta la carne bien cocida?
or medium (done) ¡Término
medio?
I like it rare. Me gusta poco cocida.
Will you have a little more meat? ¿9usta
WHERE TO EAT Eating out can be a daily necessity in a big city.
le. 1 tum off the gas. 1 switch off the elee-
{ la luz eléctrica . el gas
Says (3a. persona del sing. del presente) se pronuncia (sez),
Enciendo
1 * put out the match. 1 * blow out the eand-
el fósforo la vela
(send,
137
usted un poco más de carne?
Won't you take a seeond slice? ¿otra rebanada?
if one works
won't you? = will you not?
1
~.-
138- Curso de inglés Shall 1 give you a second helping? ¿otra porción? May 1 trouble you [or the bread? Lo molesto por el pan. Will you kindly pass me the salt? ¿Me pasa la sal, por favor? Help yourself to vegetables. Sírvase usted verdura. Will you have a little gravy? ¿Gusta usted un poco del jugo del asado? No, thank you. May 1 try this sauce? No, gracias. ¿Puedo probar esta salsa? Do you take sugar and cream in your coiiee? ¿Toma usted crema y azúcar con café? No cream, thank vou. A little sugar, please. Nada de crema i poca azúcar, por favor. One spooniul (one lump ), please. Una cucharada (un terrón) por favor. to wait upon or: to wait on despachar, servir a la mesa to help oneself servirse to eat out comer fuera de la casa Remarks on grammar.
l'
y participios pasados, a los que se añade el sufijo Iy: easy' wise timid
easily wisely timidly
carejul
careiully
loving hurried
lovingly hurriedly
fácilmente sabiamente tímidamente cuidadosamente cariñosamente apresuradamente
2~Para formar los grados comparativos y superlativo de estos adverbios se les antepone las palabras more y most para expresar la superioridad, y less y Ieast para indicar la inferioridad: wisely, more wisely, most wisely 3~Algunos adverbios poseen en todos los grados de comparación la misma forma que el adjetivo correspondiente: harder faster farther earlier easier later
hard fast far early easy late
hardest fastest farthest earliest easiest latest
duro velozmente lejos temrrano fáci tarde
1. Oración impersonal. La oración impersonal, que en español se expresa generalmente mediante la partícula se delante de un verbo usado en forma impersonal, aparece bajo diversas formas en el inglés:
4~Muchos adverbios cortos construyen el comparativo agregando la terminación er y el superlativo con la terminación est, o lo forman de modo irreguIar.
1) Se puede emplear el pronombre impersonal one, los pronombres prersonales you, we, they y la palabra people.
soon little much well
How does one go to the station? = ¿Cómo se va a la estación? You never know what may happen = Nunca se sabe lo que pueda pasar. People say (or think) ... = Se dice (o se cree) ... 2) Finalmente, pueden formarse oraciones impersonales mediante el empleo de la forma pasiva. Ice cream is bought in a drug store = Se compra el helado en la farmacia. I have been told that ... = Me dijeron que ... II. Adverbios. 1~ Formación. Son numerosos los adverbios ingleses derivados de adjetivos, participios presentes
LESSON NUMBER FIFTY-EIGHT
La unidad es el dólar (dollar) ($), que se divide en 100centavos (cents) (e).
=a =a =
=
=
nickel ('nikI) dime (daim) a quarter ('kw;,:t;:,) a half dollar or half a dollar a dollar ('dolo): a dollar bill or a one-dollar bill
Bank notes (bilIs): from $1 to $1,000 20, SO, 100,500, 1,000.
1, 2, S, 10,
ENGLISH CURRENCY There are 20 shillings in 1 pound: ,e 1 = 20/-. 1 shilling is worth 12pence: 1/ = 12 d. Coins: 1/2d 1d 3 d
=
= =
a half-penny ('heipni) a penny ('peni) three pence ('8rip:ms)
pronto poco mucho bien
Los adjetivos que terminan en y mudan esta y en t.
Ejercicio 98.-Formar los adverbios correspondientes de los adjetivos: useless, careless, truthful, narrow, broad, slow, quick, high, real, artificial, short. Ejercicio 99.-Tradueir: Esta mañana me levanté más temprano que de costumbre. Tomo mi desayuno más a menudo en la droguería que en casa, pero lo gozo menos. Mi maestro viene menos seguido que el suyo (de usted), pero se queda más tiempo. Quiero a mi perro cada vez más, pero es el gato al que quiero más (de todos). Un buey tira la carreta [eart (ka:t)) más despacio que un asno. Un caballo corre más rápidamente que un asno. Éste es el coche más veloz (de todos) que he tenido. Hable usted más alto, no lo oigo. Él escribe más legiblemente que yo. Cuanto más trabajemos, tanto más pronto acabaremos. El obrero que trabaja más rápidamente (de todos) acaba más pronto (de todos).
- FIFTY-EIGHTH 6d 1 sh
AMERICANCURRENCY
Coins: $ 0.05 (5~) $ 0.10(Iü e) $ 0.25(25~) $ 0.50(50~) $ 1.00
1
soonest least most best
sooner less more better
= =
LESSON
sixpence ('siksp;:,ns) 1/ = one shiling (wxn 'SiliU)
Bank notes The ten shilling note The one pound banknote (or: the pound note). There are also ,e S, ,e 10notes. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Las principales unidades de peso son: the ounce (auns) (1 oz = 28 g); the pound (1 lb. = 16oz = 453g) the ton (txn) 1 t = 1.016kg (Br.) = 2240pounds and is also called a long ton, y 907kg (U.S., Canadá, South Africa) = 2000 pounds and lS also called a short ton. Measures of length one yard
=
3 feet
=
36 inches (0.914m)
';':l~Í'~""~'
Curso de inglés -
ijo Iy:
one foot one inch
= =
12 inches (OJO m aproximadamente) (2.54 cm aproximadamente)
Para distancias one mile (mail) rite te lente
square
tte
1,609.35 m.
fi¡'ty-five; one hundred
=
=
2 pints
1 (U.S.) 4 quarts 1 (U.S.)
=
1.13 I (Br): 0.946
== 4.5 1 (Br): 3.785
Addition five and six [or: five plus (plxs) six] are eleven. 1 have to add 27 and 64: 4 and 7 are 11; 1 put down 1 and carry 1. 1 and 6 are 7 and 2 are 9. 1 put down 9. The sum or total is 91.
91
Substraction 27 -
10
=
17
Zero from 7 leaves seven. 1 from 2 leaves one. The remainder is seventeen. Multiplication
entes rrow,
7X 8=
56
: más
7 times 8 are 56. The [actors are 7 and 8. The product is 56.
nás a
r me) (de oerro le toespa~que le he pribe rnos, ibaja (de
Division 77
11 = 7
77 divided by 11 equals 7. The dividend is 77. The divisor is 11. The quotient is 7. Locuciones
numéricas
both (bouü) two by two every day every other day every three days or every third day the [irst two the last two the other two a dozen
ambos dos a dos diario, todos los días cada dos días cada tres días los dos primeros los dos úl timos los otros dos una docena media docena un par una veintena
hali a dozen
a pair a score Expresiones
e) .
s ada, -d a
útiles
2 pounds of tea at one dallar ($ 1) a pound. 2 libras de té a un dólar la libra. 4 yards of cloth at fifteen shillings (15/-) a yard. 4 yardas de tela a 15 chelines la yarda. It is worth fifty-five cents a dozen. Vale cincuenta y cinco centavos por docena. You buy butter by the pound. La mantequilla se compra por libra. 1 sell it by the yard. Lo vendo por yarda. Remarks
de un número
and twenty-two
Desde 1,000, se pone la conjugación centena y la decena:
= 0,5671 (Br): 0.473 l (U.S.)
the gallon (' geelon)
mpa-
las partes
and entre la .
yard, cubic foot,
the pint (paint) the quart (kwo.t)
5+6=11
hundred and one; tour hundred and two, etc. one hundred one; tour hundred two, etc.
foot.
Para volumen y capacidad
27 64 atlvo irre-
=
Se usa un guión entre más pequeño que 100.
(skweo) yard, square acre (eiko)
cubic (kju:bik)
Después de 100 se pone la conjunción and delante de cada número que se añade. Expresándose informalmente se supnme ando
se usa la milla:
1,760 yards
Para las superficies:
.uperpalalad,y
rados te CO-
mayores
=
139
on 2I'ammar.
1. Adjetivos numerales
cardinales
nineteen-hundred and sixty-six; informalmente, nineteen hundred sixty-six
n. Los adjetivos pre invariables:
numerales
cardinales
son siem-
two hundred; three thousand pero pueden tomar el signo del plural cuando se usan como nombres y su número es indeterminado: hundreds
ot people; thousands
of soldiers
III. Los números ordinales se usan con el artículo the para indicar el orden de sucesión de soberanos o papas y hablando de los días del mes.
Charles the Fiitn Today is the fourth oi l uly IV. Números
Carlos Quinto Hoyes el cuatro de julio
partitivos:
a half (haf) a quarter ('kw:>: to) a third (Ba.d) a fifth (fifü) a sixth (siksü) and so on ... three-iiiths (Bri: 'fif6s) V. Los numerales
una mitad un cuarto un tercio un quinto un sexto etc. tres quintos
proporcionales
single ('singl) double (dxbl) triple (tripl) quadruple ('kwadrupl) teniold ('tenfould) hundrediold ('hAndrid'fould) once (wxns) twice (twais) thrice or three times (erais)
four times [ive times a hundred times two hundred times a thousand times
y múltiples
son:
simple doble triple cuádruplo décuplo céntuplo una vez dos veces tres veces cuatro veces cinco veces cien veces doscientas veces mil veces
etc. Ejercicio lOO.-Contestar a las preguntas: What is the moneta!}' unit of the United States? What currency do the English use? How many pence are there in a shilling? What are the measures of length? How many feet, how many inches are there in a yard? Is a mile longer or shorter than a kilometer? Is a yard Ionger or shorter than a meter? Is an American ton heavier or lighter than a British ton? How many pints are there in a gallon? How many ounces are there in a pound? (16). Is the Anglo-Saxon system as simple and as convenient as the metric one? Ejercicio lOl.-Traducir al español y volver a traducir al inglés: 1 received your letter two davs ago; 1 had not had one for three months. He went off a week ago; he had been here for one month (during one month). 1 began to learn English six months ago. 1 have learnt Enzlish for six months. During the first two months 1 had a lesson every day. Now 1 study every other day. How much does this silk cost? It is worth $3 (three
140 - Curso de inglés dollars) a yard and this one cost $ 4.25 (four dollars and twenty-five cents). Eggs are now 60 cents a dozen and butter costs $1.20 (one dollar and twenty cents) a pound. Before, a cup of coffee was sold for a nickel, but it is worth double or triple today. Five workmen made
800 (eight hundred) bricks in one eight-hour day; with the new machinery they are making thousands. Oueen Elisabeth II (the Second) succeeded her father, George VI (the Sixth) in 1952 (nineteen-hundred and fifty-two).
LESSON NUMBER FIFTY-NINE - FIFTY-NINTH LES SON thetheatre ('ei~t~) the church (tj'a. t]') the library (Taibrari ) the museum
el la la el
teatro iglesia biblioteca museo
(mju: 'ziom )
the city hall ('siti 'ho: 1) el ayuntamiento the skyscraper el rascacielos (' skaiskreipo)
the hospital ('h::>spit~l) el hospital el mercado the market ('ma:kit el juzgado the court house ('b:t
haus)
the prison ('prizn) the avenue ('revinju:) the square (SkWE~) the statue ('stretju:) the bridge (bridg) the tunnel ('tAnl) the subway ('sAbwei) the crowd ('kraud) (he tip (tip) adjacent (~'d3eis~nt) [ashionable
('frefn~bl)
southernmost
la cárcel la avenida la plaza la estatua el puente el túnel el subterráneo el gentío punta, extremidad adyacente elegante, de moda el más meridional
River. At the southernmost tip of Manhattan are Wall Street, the foremost business and banking center of América, and the docks where ships from many countries unload their cargoes and passengers. As they enter New York Harbor they a11 pass the world-famous Statue of Liberty. During the week, the streets of Manhattan are crowded with busy people rushing in every direction. Many ofthem live in outIying residential areas and ride each day to their jobs on the island. There are bridges and tunnels to carry busses, subways and private vehicles across the river. On Sunday, Manhattan looks almost deserted. Remarks
1. Adjetivos. El sufijo most de ciertos ingleses indica el grado superlativo.
foremost southernmost uppermost
('sAo~nmoust)
the [reedom ('fri: dam) libertad within (wíñin) dentro de, en el espacio across (a'kro: s) to crowd ('kraud) to extend (eks'tend) to soar ('s::>:) to number (nambo) to rusn (rn]')
on grammar.
de a través, al otro lado atestar extender, extenderse subir a gran altura numerar, ascender precipitarse
THE CITY OF NEW YORK New York is the largest city in the United States. The population of the entire urban area is eleven million, but only one-sixth of these people live in the part called Manhattan. Manhattan is an island at the mouth of the Hudson River. Its total area is les s than thirty-two square miles, but it includes most of the place s which have made New York famous. Central Park extends for fifty-one blocks in the center of the island. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History are both adjacent to the park; and within walking distance is the fashionable section with its luxury hotels, elegant shops and Fifth Avenue with the big department stores. Rockefel!er Center soars above midtown New York. Then, there are the famous skyscrapers and Broadway with its countless lights al night. The United Nations Building overlooks the East
más prominente, primero, óptimo en el extremo meridional superior, el más alto
II. Doble comparativo. Esta construcción, que se emplea tanto para los adverbios como para los adjetivos, corresponde a las expresiones españolas: cada vez más o cada vez menos: taller and taller bigger and bigger more and more difficult less and less grateiui
BUILDINGS People go to church on Sunday to pray (prei). In a theatre actors and actresses give a performance (pa'fo: mons) for the publico In a museum, 1 see pictures, statues, and collections of al! sorts in showcases ('Soukeisiz). In a hospital, sick people are nursed by doctor s and nurses ('n~: siz). In a library, 1 find al! sorts of books kept in good order by the librarian (Iai'brcarian). Criminals are kept in prison after they have been tried ('traid) at the Court House.
adjetivos
cada vez más alto cada vez más grande cada vez más difícil cada vez menos agradecido
III. El verbo to make entra ciones y modismos.
to to to to to to to to to to to
make a noise make a mistake make a promise make a purchase make a [ortune make sure make one happy make one angry make [un make up make out
en numerosas
locu-
hacer ruido cometer un error hacer una promesa hacer una compra hacer fortuna cerciorarse hacer a uno feliz enfadar a uno burlarse compensar comprender
Ejercicio tOl.-Contestar a las preguntas: On what day do you go to church or chapel? Do you like to go to a theatre? Do you often go to the theatre or to the cinema? What sort of people do you see in a hospital? a prisión? a luna tic asvlum? Are there many museums in your town? What do you find at a public library? Ejercicio t03.-Profesiones: repaso. Traducir: U maestro enseña a leer y a escribir a los niños. Un abogado defiende en una corte de justicia a la persona a la que procesan (who is being tried). Un doctor examina a sus pacientes y trata (tries) de curarlos. Un editor edita libros, periódicos y revistas. Un impresor imprime libros con una máquina de imprimir. Un autor escribe libros. Un encuadernador encuaderna libros. V¡; arquitecto dibuja los planos de una casa. Una enfermera cuida a la gente enferma. Un periodista, o reportero escribe artículos para el periódico. Un cirujano hace operaciones. Un dentista saca los dientes malos o los cura, si puede.
'l"';'-'"'~'''''''
-
~
-
Curso de inglés - 141 day: ands. uher, and
are
I
iking
frorn gers. s the veek,
busy live
i
to ,tunvehiooks
ry
tivos ríme'idioo le se s adolas:
le I
radeocu-
LES SON NUMBER SIXTY· SITIETH HEALTH ('heI8), DISEASE (di'si:z ), SICKNESS ('siknis), ILLNESS ('ilnis) ill (il) sick (sik) sore (so.) a wound (wu:nd) +ever ('fi:v~) +everish. ('fi: vrif) catching ('kretfÍlJ) painful ('peinful) " to send for ro ache (eik) ID [ill the prescription to heal (hi: 1) :0 nurse (no: s) ID recover (ri'kxvo ~ to get well ~ to hurt (ho: t), hurt, hurt = to catch, caughi, cought (rkeet], ko: t) J,1y head aches (mai hed eiks) ••1y teeth ache (mai ti: 8 eik) I have a headache ('hedeik) I have a toothache ('tu: 8eik) I have an earache ('i~reik) I have a backache ('brekeik) I have a sorethroat
enfermo, malo enfermo, mareado dolorido herida fiebre febril, con fiebre contagioso doloroso mandar buscar doler surtir la receta curar, cicatrizarse cuidar al enfermo recuperarse sanar lastimar
Tengo un dolor de espalda Me duele la garganta Me duelen los ojos Me duele el pie Me duele aquí Me lastimé el pie Estoy resfriado Me resfrié Estoy ronco Tengo tos
Yo he llegado Yo me he lastimado
II. En la segunda acepción, aunque desempeña función de verbo activo, no requiere auxiliar para ormar la conjugación interrogativa y negativa. Have I? I have noto III. Se emplea en las locuciones: I have to (work) I had better (laugh)
1 have got (a car)
He de ... , tengo que ... (trabajar) Haría bien de ... Debiera ... (reirme) Poseo, tengo, he adquirido (un coche)
en frases verbales causativas corno: I
have the prepared
medicine
Mando preparar la medicina
To be significa ser o estar: 1 am a physician I am sick
I am speaking III. No requiere auxiliar en la conjugación interrogativa y negativa: Am 1? I am not IV. Se emplea para indicar dimensión o edad It is [ive yards high, wide, deep, tall ... He is 2S years old V. Se emplea la locución it is para indicar de modo absoluto la persona o cosa sujeto de una acción.
It is you who must do it. It was you who spoke [irst. Hablando de horas:
Tengo un dolor de cabeza Tengo un dolor de dientes Tengo un dolor de oído
To have tiene la significación de haber y tener. 1. En la primera acepción, forma con el participio pasado los tiempos compuestos de todos los yerbas activos y reflexivos ingleses.
day roa
II. Se emplea con el participio presente para conjugar la forma progresiva:
Me duelen los dientes
Repaso de verbos auxiliares.
1 have arrived 1 have hurt myseli
I. Se emplea con el participio pasado para formar la voz pasiva. I am loved
atrapar, contagiarse Me duele la cabeza
('s:): 'Brout)
I have sore eyes I have a sore toot I have a pain he re I have hurt my [oot I have a cold I have cought cold 1 am hoarse (ho: s) 1 cough (kof')
LES SON
Soy médico Estoy malo
It is 10 minutes past three. It is a quarter to iive. Hablando del tiempo: It is cold. VI. Cuando se emplea precedida de la voz there, corresponde a la locución española hay . There is a dog in the house. There are apples on the tree. VII. Forma parte de numerosos modismos: To be born To be right To be hungry thirsty To be warm To be airaid ashamed
wrong . cold .
Nacer Tener razón ... Equivocarse Tener hambre ... sed Tener calor Tener miedo vergüenza
frío .
To do, verbo activo y auxiliar. I. Empleado corno verbo activo significa hacer He do es it well It is done
Lo hace bien Está hecho, terminado
B. Como auxiliar se emplea do (does y did) para formar el presente y el pretérito de indicativo en las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa. 1 do not speak He do es not speak I did not speak He did not speak
Do I speak? Does he speak? Did I speak? Did he speak?
y para dar énfasis a la oración I do work
He does work well
Yo sí trabajo Él sí trabaja bien
Il l, Sustituye a cualquier otro verbo (excepto a los auxiliares) que lo precede, para no repetirlo. I run faster than you do. Do you study Yes.T do.
English?
Corro más rápido que usted (corre). ¿Estudia usted inglés? Sí (estudio).
142- Curso de inglés IV. Además forma parte de numerosas locuciones y modismos: to do right obrar bien to do wrong obrar mal to do one's duty cumplir con su deber lo do one's best hacer lo posible to do without prescindir de that wiZZdo está bien, basta to do well prosperar How do you do? ¿Cómo le va? To let se emplea como verbo activo y auxiliar. 1. En el primer caso significa: dejar, permitir, alquilar. He let me go Me dejó ir A room to let Un cuarto para alquilar II. Es el auxiliar de la primera y tercera personas del imperativo. Conj. afinnativa
Conj. negativa
Let me work (Work) Let him work Let her work Let it work Let us work (Work) Let them work
Let me not work (Do not work) Let him not work Let her not work Let it not work Let us not work (Do not work) Let them not work
La forma negativa puede también conjugarse así: Do not let me work Do not let him work Do not let her work Do not let it work Do not let us work Do not let them work Ejercicio l04.-Traducir: Mi hijo se resfrió ayer. Tiene tos, está ronco, le duele la cabeza, y su garganta está irritada. También parece tener fiebre. Este tiempo húmedo es muy malsano; debiera acostarlo temprano y mandar llamar al doctor luego. El doctor viene,examina a mi hijo, escribe la receta y dice: "Que tome esta medicina dos veces al día y se recuperará pronto". Llevo la receta a la farmacia y la mando surnr por el boticario. Ejercicio l05.-Poner las frases siguientes en las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa: You hurt yourself this morming. My head aches terribly. This boy coughs toa muchoHe caught a cold yesterday. The doctor examined the patients. The nurse nurses them. He studied and practiced medicine. Ejercicio l06.-Traducir al ingles: Vayamos al doctor. Que escriba yo esta carta antes de salir. Que aprenda él esta lección. Que vengan con n »sotros. Que saque ella este libro de la biblioteca. Dejé mi sombrilla en el autobús. Dejó su país hace ocho años. Mi padre dejó (permitió) trabajar a mi hermana; la dejé en su oficina. NOTA: El verbo español dejar se traduce to let cuando significa permiso y to leave cuando significa separación, abandono.
LESSON NUMBER SIXTY-ONE - SIXTY-FIRST LESSON calling, projession, career (ka'ria) choice (tjois) scientist ('sai;}ntist) nuclear ('nju: klio) engineer (endx'nio) fault (fo: lt) wonder ('wAIld;}) development (di'velapmant) power ('pau;}) branch (breent]') scale (skeil) retail (ri: 'teil) affair (;}'f€;}) faculty ('frek~lti) organization (o: gonai'zeijan) employer (em'ploio) labor (Teibo) arrny (cc mi) banner ('bren~) gigantic (dgai'geentik) petty ('peti) to guess (ges) to deal (di: 1) to breed (bri: d) 1, to grow up A CAREER
vocación, profesión, carrera opción, preferencia científico nuclear ingeniero culpa maravilla desarrollo poder rama escala, báscula menudeo asunto, negocio facultad organización patrón, el que emplea mano de obra ejército bandera gigantesco pequeño, mezquino adivinar tratar criar llegar a ser adulto
small men. The higher facuIties of organization, broad views and executive capacity were not brought into play. . In our day business is conducted upon so gigantic a scale that sometimes the large employer of labour has more men in his industrial army than the petty kings of ancient days had under their banners." Verbos defectivos. Los principales verbos defectivos son can, may, must, ought, shall y will (Entre ellos: may, shall y will son también verbos auxiliares). Ver lecciones 21, 22, 46. Reglas comunes a todos los verbos defectivos. 1. Son invariables para todas las personas (no toman s en la 3. persona singular del presente). 1 can, he can, 1 must, he must, etc.
2. Las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa se construye directamente (sin auxiliar do) Can I?, must I?, shall I?, etc. 1 cannot, 1 must not, 1 shall not, etc. 3. Carecen de infinitivo y sólo tienen algunos tiempos. Para expresar los demás tiempos se recurre al uso de un sinónimo.
IN BUSINESS
"What shall I be when I grow up? - a farmer, a surgeon, an industrial engineer, a nuclear scientist or maybe a businessman?" "There are hundreds of different jobs open to able and ambitious people." Andrew Carnegie, the American rnillionnaire, once said: "If a young man does not find romance in business, it is not the fault of the business, but of the mano Consider the wonders connected with the development of electricity, with its unguessed power! Business is not all dollars and cents! In the old times, every branch of business was conducted on the smallest possible retail scale, with the result that small dealings in small affairs bred
Presente Pretérito Futuro Pretérito Perf. "
Inf.
1 can 1 could 1 shall be able 1 have been able To be able
4. Cuando introducen el infinitivo de otro verbo se suprime a éste la partícula to. Sólo después de ought se emplea el infinitivo completo. 1 can speak, 1 must speak, etc. pero
1 ought to speak.
I. Can significa poder o saber e implica la facul-
~.'''~'.' ~"'I'~"""
Curso de inglés - 143 , así:
tad física o moral de hacer algo (V. Lección 21). I can sing
Yo puedo o sé cantar
1? Sus únicos tiempos son: el presente: can y el pretérito: could. 2? Could tiene también el valor del potencial español. '. Tiel está o húmo y
unina a me-
Llevo boti; conurself oughs r exa-
udied octor.
Ida él e ella auto(perina. tando
¡ción,
Could you give me ...
3? En los demás tiempos se usan expresiones sinónimas como: to be able, to know how, etc. 4? El modismo cannot help, seguido de complemento o de un gerundio, se traduce en español de varias maneras: 1 cannot help it 1 cannot help laughing
I cannot help thinking
antic ibour petty iers.' iefecE.ntre ixiliaos, ¡
(no
e) .
va se'
No lo puedo evitar (o remediar) No puedo contener la risa No puedo evitar pensar
II. May significa también poder, pero en el sentido de tener autorización o licencia para hacer algo, y también para señalar la posibilidad de que algo ocurra. El pretérito might se usa para una probabilidad más remota. He may leave now. He may come, it ... He
rtion, not
Podría usted darme ...
might
come, but ...
Él puede irse ya. Es posible (o puede) que venga, si ... Es posible que venga, pero ...
Cuando sirve para expresar el deseo o el propósito es auxiliar del subjuntivo: May you be happy! Bring me the book that I may see it
iSea usted feliz!
Tráigame el libro para que lo vea
1? Sus únicos tiempos son: el presente de indicativo: may, y el preténto: might. 2? En los demás tiempos se emplean sinónimos: to be allowed, to have permission,
etc.
III. Must se traduce: deber, haber de, tener que ... , y expresa necesidad o compulsión, sea física o moral.
1? Esta única forma tiene el valor del presente de indicativo: 1 must work baje, etc.
Debo trabajar.
Es preciso que tra-
2° Se puede emplear must para expresar una suposición; en estos casos puede actuar como presente o pretérito: ~nos recu-
verbo tés de
She went to see the doctor, she must be ill He must have arrived on the night train
We ought to have done it Deberíamos haberlo hecho y sin dificultad puede sustituirse por should (ver más adelante). V. Shall y will. Aunque estos verbos comúnmente se usan como auxiliares para conjugar el futuro de indicativo, pueden usarse también como verbos principales, y entonces conservan su significado etímológico, a saber:
shall
deber, estar obligado
will
desear, querer.
1?Recordemos que el futuro de indicativo se conjuga: I shall work
y ou will wor k He, she, it will work
We shall work You will work They will work
2? Se puede usar will para las primeras personas gramaticales y shall para las segundas y terceras, pero en estos casos will y shall son verbos principales. Por tanto, en estas construcciones particulares, que algunos gramáticos llaman futuro enfático, el significado cambia según la persona: Se expresa firme volun·tad de hacer algo: I will work
we will work
Se expresa una orden o amenaza: you shall work he, she, it shall work you shall work they shall work
3? Sin que la construcción se diferencie del futuro comun, el sentido antiguo de will se evidencia también en la fórmula cortes: Will you pass me the salt ¿Gusta usted pasarme la sal? VI. Should y would son pretéritos de shall y will. Como auxiliares sirven para formar el potencial: 1 should work you would work etc.
Yo trabajaría tú trabajarías etc.
1?La función potencial de should y would se aprecia claramente en ciertas fórmulas corteses: Should I give you a little more? Would you lend me your book?
,
sobreentendiéndose: "if you wísh", 2? El significado etimológico de should se evidencia cuando se emplea como sinónimo de ought. I should see the doctor She should help you
3? Los sinónimos que se emplean para otros tiempos son: to have to ... , to be obliged, etc.
I ought to se the doctor She ought to help you
IV. Ought significa también deber, pero sin la idea de compulsión; expresa, pues, una obligación moral, la conveniencia o una consecuencia lógica o natural.
Ejercicio t07.-Traducir: ¿Puede usted prestarme este libro? No, no puedo; no 10 tengo. ¿Podrá usted darme este libro más tarde? ¿Puede venir su hermano (de usted) a vemos? Sí, pero no podrá venir muy tempiano. ¿Podía usted hablar inglés el año pasado? No, no podía. ¿Podría usted darme este libro? Sí, podría, si supiera donde está. ¿Pudo usted (fue usted capaz de) leer mi carta? No, lo siento, era completamente ilegible. ¿Sabría usted escribir una carta en inglés? Todavía no, pero en unos pocos meses podré hacerlo. ¿Pudo usted ver esta película? Si, es tan divertida que no pude dominar la risa todo el tiempo.
We ought to help him She ought to see the doctor It ought to rain now facul-
Ella fue a ver al doctor, debe estar enferma Ha de haber llegado en el tren nocturno
serva su forma completa (con la partícula to). 2? Posee sólo la forma ought, generalmente usada con el valor del presente de indicativo; pero como la obligación implicada es menos fuerte que la de must, y la acción sólo se estima como posible, ought puede tener el valor de un potencial.
Debemos avudarlo Ella debería ver al médico Debe de llover
l? Cuando ought introduce un infinitivo, éste con-
144 -
Curso de inglés
Ejercicio I08.-Traducir: Dígale usted que él jJuede vemr mañana. Puede ser que usted tenga razón. Es posible que yo acepte. Le escribiré a usted para que él venga. ¡Ojalá tenga usted éxito! [Ojalá tenga él razón! ti no puede venir mañana. Pudiera yo estar equivocado, pero lo dudo. Ejercicio 109.-Traducir: Debo trabajar. Usted tiene que venir conmigo. Es preciso que él esté aquí mañana. Es preciso que usted haga este trabajo hoy. Tenemos que ir a las cuatro. ti debería estar aquí. Usted debería saber dónde está eso. Este asunto debe ahora ser bien conocido. Usted no debería vender esto tan caro. Usted no debería comprar aquello. Debo pagar esta factura mañana. Es preciso que yo conteste esta carta luego. Será necesario que él vaya con usted. Estamos
obligados a aumentar nuestros precios. Ellos tendrán que aumentar los suyos. Usted tendría que cablegrafiar si no pudiera venir. El tendrá que contestar inmediatamente. No debo cometer ningún error. Debería yo saber mi lección mucho mejor. Ejercicio lIO.-Poner en forma negativa: 1 am a tourist. 1 can speak English. 1 understand English. He must come directly. He goes off and may come back again. 1 shall speak. 1 shall have spoken. 1 should play. 1 should have played. Let me come. He could write well. That might be right. 1 was wrong and you were right. He thinks of you. The man played and won. You 10s1. He was beaten. You threw the ball and he caught it. 1 put a stamp on and sealed the letter. He soId this boa k and bought another. He ought to gc.
LESSON NUMBER SIXTY-TWO - SIXTY-SECOND LESSON agriculture ('regri'kAltS;¡) alive (o'laiv)
agricultura vivo, viviente agricultor cosecha, cultivo campo semilla grano tierra tierra, suelo
[armer ('fa.: mo) crop (krop) [ield (fi: Id) seed (si: d) grain (grein) earth (a: e) soil (soil) o ground (graund) blade (bleid)
(sou, soud, soun)
to grind, ground, ground (graind,
on grammar.
I. El infinitivo.
Repaso.
1? El infinitivo inglés siempre va precedido por la partícula to, que constituye su signo característico to take tomar to invite invitar
2? Se omite la partícula
stalk (stork) silo ('sailou) flour (Tlaua) ripe (raip) harvest ('ha.: vist) straw (stro: ) to harvest ('ha.: vist) to [arm (fn: m) to improve (im'pru:v) to plow (o plougñ (plau) to germina te ('d3;¡mineit) to thrash (Grre]') * to sow, sowed, sown pa) brass (bras) zinc (zinc) iin. (tin)
nickel ('nikI) lead (led) bronze (bronz) mercury ('ma: kjuri) platinum ('plretinam)
aluminium.
petróleo carbón cobre latón cinc estaño niquel plomo bronce mercurio platino aluminio
also have textile mills to weave cotton or wool into cloth and paper mills to make paper out of wood pulpo Remarks
on grammar_
1. Partículas verbales, El idioma inglés posee numerosos verbos que se asocian con partículas verbales para precisar modificar su significado. (V. lección 12). Tenemos, pues, la forma simple del verbo seguida de la particula verbal (una preposición o un adverbio), ambos tan íntimamente ligados que a menudo se traducen en español por una sola voz:
o
(ee'Ijuminam) ¡rceptrece-
r
mido
mineral ('minaral) vealtñ (weI6) iuel (Tjual) \'¡re (waio) mine (main) pit (pit) oil (::>il) pressure ('preSa)
source
(so: s)
textile
('tekstil)
pulp (pxlp) lO drill (dril) ., to dig, dug (dig, dag) '" to weave, wove, woven 'bo y
(wi:v, wouv, 'wouven) spin, spun, spun (spin, spxn)
'" to
mineral riqueza combustible alambre mina hoyo aceite, petróleo crudo presión fuente textil pulpa taladrar, perforar cavar, excavar tejer hilar
to go to go between to go near to go out to go about
ir
interponerse acercarse salir dar vueltas, algo
Algunas de estas construcciones,
rición Ilidad iunde
to to to to to
put put on put up come come down
ed
.sted uy liieral,
mpre bajar '10 ntrar ~se a arma
poner ponerse soportar venir bajar
cuando siguen un
1 put on mv coat. 1 put up with it, He came down the staircase. H e carne back to his parents.
regresar
AND INDUSTRY C'indastri)
Petroleum, coal and most of the known metals constitute the mineral wealth of the earth. Iron is the most use ful but without the other metals and fuel all our factories would have to close down. The heaviest metals are lead and mercury. Lead, zinc and tin are usually melted down to make alloys. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers. Electric wires are made of copper. Airplanes and many articles of everyday use are made of aluminum, the lightest of the common metals. A mine is a place where mineral ore is extracted from the earth. Some mineral s are mined on the urface, others are dug out from underground pits of great depth. An oil field is a place where large deposits of petroleum have been located. Wells are drilled through the rock and oil moves to the surface by its own pressure. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectric power are the chief sources of energy for industry and transportation. A factory is a place where workmen work under the direction of foremen and engineers. Works or plant are other words for factory. Mills are built to grind wheat into flour, but we
en
complemento, pueden regir una preposición además de la partícula verbal:
to come back MINING ('mainiu)
ocuparse
11. Principales
partículas
Preposición o adverbio:
verbales:
Significa:
en fuera arriba abajo lejos de encima .al otro lado al otro lado a través atrás sobre on (on) a lo largo along ( a'bu ) cerca de by (bai) about (a'baut ) acerca de in (in)
out (aut) up (xp) down (daun) away (a'wei) off (o.f ) over ('ouva) across (a'kros) through (6ru: ) back (bzek)
111. Preposición.
Sugiere la idea de: entrar salir subir bajar distanciarse quitar, separar pasar, franquear cruzar atravesar regresar, volver continuar seguir pasar cerca circular, ocuparse
Repaso. V. lecciones 12 y 13.
1~ Los verbos transitivos ingleses no rigen como los españoles una preposición antes del complemento directo, aun cuando se trata de personas:
146 -
Curso de inglés
The house 1 live in . The kniie 1 cut with .
Veo a mi hermana.
1 see my sister
2~ Cuando el régimen indirecto es un pronombre y precede al régimen directo, se suprime la preposición to:
Give her a book
Déle usted el libro (a ella)
3~ La preposición se coloca a veces al fin de la oración: a) Cuando la cláusula comienza con un pronombre interrogativo o relativo:
Whom are you thinking oi? What is it made oi? What is it cut with? b) Cuando tendido:
el pronombre
The example
¿De quién está usted, pensando? ¿De qué está hecho esto? ¿Con qué se corta esto?
relativo está sobreen-
1 think: of ... El ejemplo en que estoy pensando ...
La casa en que vivo ... El cuchillo con que corto ...
Ejercicio 114.-Traducir, empleando en todas las frases el verbo to walk (caminar) seguido de la partícula verbal correspondiente: Salir del cuarto. Entrar por la
puerta. Subir al segundo piso. Bajar la escalera. Alejarse del gentío. Pasar al lado de la ventana. Cruzar la calle. Atravesar el parque. Regresar del trabajo. Seguir caminando hasta mediodía. Ejercicio l1S.-Traducir al español y volver a traducir al inglés: Cotton is a vegetable product obtained from the cotton plant, and it is one of the most important industrial crops in the world. The plant is grown chiefly in Egypt, India, Latin America and in the southern states of theU.S. Raw cotton is a sott, white fiber that forms a coating for the seed of the planto The plant requires considerable heat and some moisture. The fiber is gathered from the pods by hand or by machine and is separated from the seed by the cotton gin, Then it is carded and spun into yarn in cotton mills. The yarn is woven into cloth used for clothing, sheets and underwear. Good cooking oil is obtained from the seeds. Since the plant cannot be grown in cold countries, there is always a great demand for cotton in the world market.
LESSON NUMBER SIXTY-FOUR· SIXTY-FOURTH LESSON . INTERNATIONAL
in order that
TRADE
Every country, even the richest and the largest, must import the goods that it cannot produce. On the other hand, any nation ('neif,m) that has even a single article that other countries need can enter that great market known as international (intoneejnl) trade. Raw materials, foodstuffs ('fu: dstxfs) and manuIacsured goods are shipped from one country to another, and foreign commerce ('k;)md: s) extends to the most distant parts of the globe. Great Britain, Holland and Japan import great quantities of raw material s, and they export machinery and finished goods. Egypt and the United States are great exporters of cotton. Wool comes from Australia. Timber and wood pulp are sold by Canada and Finland. The best coffee is produced in Latin America which also exports sugar, tobacco, petroleum products and various minerals. Remarks
a fin de que, para
(in 'o: do oret) whoever (hu'evo)
whatever (wot'evo) to wish (wíj)
cualquiera que, quienquiera que (tratándose de personas) cualquiera que (tratándose de cosas) desear
to him in arder that he might come. 1 shall see him whoever he may be. Speak, whatever you may 1 wrote
have to sayo
1 wish he may succeed.
que may se usa cuando la oración prinen el presente o en el futuro; cuando la oración principal está en el pa-
Adviértase might
sado. 1. El antiguo subjuntivo orgánico inglés sobrevive sólo en: a) Algunas expresiones desiderativas o imprecativas con el sujeto en la 3~ persona:
Long live the King! ¡Viva el rey! Manners be hanged! literalmente: ¡A la horca los buenos les!
moda-
b) En algunas formas del verbo to be, cuando se implica que una suposición es falsa, o la acción improbable, y en algunas locuciones especiales:
Si yo fuese usted ... ¡Ojalá fuera posible! Si así fuera .. , Sea (barato o caro) Las autoridades
n.
En el inglés moderno los tiempos del subjuntivo quedaron sustituidos por frases verbales formadas con los auxiliares: may, might y should (V. lección 61). El subjuntivo, que en español rige para ciertas oraciones subordinadas, en inglés se traduce por: 1~ may o might después bras o expresiones:
Le escribí para que vimera, Lo veré, quienquiera que sea. Diga usted cualquier cosa que tenga a decir. Deseo a él que tenga éxito.
cipal está expresada
on grammar.
1f 1were yOU... 1 wish it were possible Were it so ... Be it (cheap or dear) The powers that be
que ...
de las siguientes
pala-
..
2~ should en todas las personas pués de:
lest (lest) in case (in keis) suppose (ss'pouz) unless (on'les) 1 shall go now lest 1 should be late Suppose he should come 1 shall leave you. unless he should come 3~ el infinitivo, a) Expresiones
gramaticales
des-
para que no, por miedo de que ... en caso que ... dado caso que .. , a menos que... no sea que ... Iré ahora para no ser impuntual. Dado el caso que él llegara. Lo dejaré a usted, a menos que él venga.
después de: impersonales:
it is necessary, it is possible, etc. b) cualquier
verbo que exprese voluntad:
1t is necessary [or you to come. It would be good [or him to come.
Es menester que usted venga. Le convendría a él que viniese.
Curso de inglés - 147 'ivo ... 1 que ~as [ra-
srticula
por la ;a. Alehzar la Seguir raducir 1 from iortant ¡chiefly uthern er that : plant e. The lachine i. Then s. The ts and m the counin the
4~El indicativo presente o futuro, aun cuando se trate de una interrogación, negación, mandato o duda. Do you think it is here? 1 do not think he will come. 1 doubt he is here.
¿Cree usted que esto esté aquí? No creo que él venga. Dudo que él esté aquí.
Ejercicio 116.-Traducir: No conviene que usted hable canto, No es necesario que él venga hoy. No creo que usted conozca esto. Cualquier cosa que usted haga, hásala bien. Quienquiera que sea, lo recibiré. ¿No es tiemoo de que vayamos? QUIero que usted se quede. Él nos ordena que vayamos. Vaya usted para que él no lo espere en vano. Escríbale usted a fin de que sepa dónde está usted. No creo que él lo oiga. EJercicio I17.-Repaso de vocabulario. Traducir al
español y volver a traducir al inglés: It is work that fills the world about us with real magic. It c\othes you and me; it feeds us, it builds our houses; it builds the roads and the cars that travel along them; it builds bridges that span the rivers, and stretches telegraph wires across the land and below the waters; it harvests the wheat and sets out the flowers in our gardens; it tames the mountain streams to give us electricity; it lights our rooms and prints our books; it draws our maps; constructs our telescopes and planes and space ships; it searches out the iron and the copper in the mines; it twists the silver into chains and turns the rough c\ay into beautiful china: it fastens the wires in the piano and teaches the chorus to sing in harrnony, And when you see the carpenter, the teacher, the nurse, the engine driver, the weaver, the typist, the singer, the sailor, the dressmaker and other workmen, you respect them, because they have given us our pleasure and our comfort.
CORRECCION DE LOS EJERCICIOS
quiera
persoose de
[ue viraque üíer
Exercise l.-The .pupils have two teachers: Mr. Brown 'mist;:! braun) and Miss White (mis'hwait), Mr. Brown has two pupils: a schoolboy and a schoolgirl. Miss White has three pupils: two boys and a girl. The pupil has a teacher. The child has a lesson. The pupils have rwo exercises and three lessons. The teachers have fifteen pupils. 1 have an exercise. You have two lessons. You have three exercises. She has one lesson. Exercise 2.-1 am a pupil. A pupil has a book and an exercise book. 1 am a schoolgirl. A schoolgirl has a schoolbag, a ruler and an eraser. He is a schoolboy, he has a penknife and a pencil box. The teacher has a ballooint pen or a pencil. 1 have a red book. You have a blue exercise book. We have two green pencils. They have two black rulers. The teachers have black fountain pens. Exercise 3.-,1 have a book and an exercise book. You have a pen and a pencil. The pupil has a blue pencil and a sheet of white paper. 1 have a sheet of red blotting paper. This book is blue. That book is red. This pencil is blue. That pencil is black. The paper is white. The ink is black.
19a
prinuturo; el pa-
1
:s desmiedo
lO
sea
10
ser
[ue él ted, a venga.
usted !l que
Exerclse 4.-We have books and exercise books. You have pens and pencils. The pupils have blue pencils and sheet s of .white paper. We have sheets of red blotting paper. These books are blue. Those books are red. These pencils are blue. Those pencils are black. Papers are white. Inks are black. Exercise 5.-1 had a book and an exercise book. You had a pen and a pencil. The pupil had a blue pencil and a sheet of white paper. 1 had a sheet of red blotting paper. This book was blue. That book was red. This pencil was olue. That pencil was black. The paper was white. The ink was black. Exercise 6.--This exercise is long and difficult. That exercise is short and easy. The schoolboy is lazy, The schoolgirl is studious. I am a good pupilo 1 have a good book and my teacher is good. My eraser is square and my inkstand is round. 1 have a sharp pencil and a sharp pen knife. . The schoolboy was lazv, he had abad book and abad eacher. The teacher had a straight ruler and a pointed (or sharp) pencil. They had two blue and twenty white exercise books. The boy was studious. The girl was lazy. Exercise 7.-These exercises are long and difficult. Those exercises are short and easy. Schoolboys are lazy. Schoolgirls are studious. We are good pupils, we have good books and our teachers are good. Our erasers are square and our inkstands are round. We have sharp pencils and sharp penknives. The schoolboys were lazy, they had bad books and bad teachers. The teachers had straight rulers and pointed (or sharp) pencils. They had rwo blue books and twenty white exercise books. Boys were studious. Girls were lazy. Exercise 8.-The
blackboard
is behind the teacher,
before the pupils. The map is on the walI. The picture is under the blackboard. 1 have my book on the table. The inkstand is on the desk, between the pencil box and the ruler. We are in the classroom. 1 have a sheet of blotting paper in my exercise book. He has two pencils and three penholders in the pencil box. 1 had an era ser in my schoolbag. Exercise 9.-The blackboard is not behind the teacher before the pupils. The map is not on the wall. The picture is not under the blackboard. 1have no book on the table. This inkstand is not on the desk between the pencil box and the ruler. We are not in the classroom. 1 have no blotting paper in my exercise book. He has no pencils. 1 had no eraser in my schoolbag, Exercise IO.-This man is young. That man is oId. This woman is young and taIl. That woman is smaIl (or short). This child is Iazy, That child is studious. Exercise ll.-These men are young. Those men are old. These women are young and tall. Those women are small (or short). These children are lazy, Those children are studious. Exercise IZ.-Are you the pupil? Yes, 1 amo No, 1 am not. Am 1 the teacher? Yes, you are. No, you are noto Are we before the window? Yes, we are. No, we are noto Is he behind the door? Yes, he is. No, he is noto Is the teacher with the pupils? Yes, he is. No, he is noto Is that man in the classroom? Yes, he is. No, he is noto Is that woman talI? Yes, she is. No, she is not, she is short. Is the child lazy? Yes, he is. No, he is noto Exercise 13.- There is one teacher in the cIassroom. There are twenty pupils. In a month there are thirty or thirty-one davs and nights. In ayear there are fifty-two weeks and three hundred and sixty-five days. Is there a pupil in the cIassroom? Is there a teacher? Is there a lesson? No, there is no teacher. No, there is no lesson (or there are no lessons). Exercise 14.-The pupil works. He listens to the teacher. In the cIassroom he looks at the blackboard. He repeats the lesson. He corrects the exercises with the teacher. He opens the book and the exercise book. There is an exercise on the regular verbs. There is a regular verb in my lesson. This lesson is not long. 1 have no difficult exercise but 1 have a new lesson. Exercise 15.-The pupils work. They listen to the teachers. In the cIassroom, they look at the blackboards. They repeat the lessons. They correct the exercises with the teachers. They open the books and the exercise books. There are exercises on the regular verbs. There are regular verbs in my lessons. These lessons are not long. 1 have no difficult exercises but 1 have new lessons. Exercíse 16.-The cIassroom is large. It has four corners. The door is in a corner; there are two windows. On the walI, between two pictures, there is a blackboard. Before the blackboard is the desk of the teacher (dícese
148 - Curso de inglés también: the teacher's desk). Before the desk there are tables. The teacher has a chair, the pupils have no chairs. Exercise 17.-How many teachers have you? 1 have one teacher.-How many pupils are there in the classroom? There are twenty pupils in the claSsroom.-Where are the pupils? The pupils are in the classroom in front of the teacher.-Where is the teacher? The teacher is in the classroom with the pupils.-Where is the eraser? The eraser is in the pencil box (on the table, on the desk).What is the color of the paper, the book, the tables? The paper is whíte, the book is blue, the tables are black.-What is the shape of the ruler, the exercise books, the inkstands? The ruler is straight, long and rectangular. The exercise book is square. The inkstands are round or square. Ejercicio IS.-Lección por método directo (por medio de obietos o ejemplos).-Mi libro de inglés.-¿Qué es esto? Esto es mi libro. No es cuadrado, es rectangular. Las esquinas no son redondas, son cuadradas y puntiagudas. En mi libro de inglés hay muchas páginas; en esas páginas hay muchas frases, palabras y letras. El libro tiene un dorso y una cubierta. Están hechas de cartón. Al principio hay un prefacio y un índice. Mi libro no es difícil, las lecciones son fáciles, es agradable trabajar con él; me gusta mucho. Ejercicio 19_--Otra lección por método directo.-Mi navaja está en mi bolsillo, pero ahora la tengo en mi mano. E.sta es la hoja y esto es el mango. . El mango está hecho de madera, o de marfil, o de plata. Este mango está hecho de hueso. Abro mi navaja y miro la hoja; esto es el dorso de la hoja y esto es el filo. El filo corta. Con mi navaja afilo mi lápiz. Ejercicio 2O.-E.sta es mi aula. Es un cuarto grande y cuadrado con cuatro paredes, el techo y el piso. Hay una puerta en la esquina del cuarto y hay dos ventanas grandes. Junto al techo veo diez lámparas eléctricas con pantallas grises. Sobre las paredes hay varios cuadros y muchos mapas. Hay también un pizarrón enfrente de los alumnos. El maestro está sentado sobre una silla. Los muchachos están sentados sobre bancos. Tienen mochilas con muchos útiles escolares; tienen libros, cuadernos de tareas, reglas, estuches para lápices, hojas de papel blanco y hojas de papel secante. Son silenciosos y atentos. El maestro habla solamente inglés. Exercise 21.-Five: fifth-eight: eighth-twelve: twelfth -forty: fortieth-sixty-one: sixty-Iirst=-ninety: ninetieth. There are twenty pupils in my classroorn, but 1 am not the twentieth. There were forty pupils and he was the fortieth. There are fifty-two weeks and three hundred and sixty-five days in ayear. February has twenty-eight days, but January has thirty-one days, There are four weeks in a month, Exerclse 22.-Complétense las respuestas. My name is ... 1 am eighteen, or twenty or ... years old. There are twenty boys in the classroom. 1 have only one English teacher. 1 have two or three English lessons in a week. Today is Wednesday, the eighth of February. Tomorrow ís Thursday. Yesterday was Tuesday, the seventh of February. Exercise 23.-The good boy worked, he was attentive and studious. The teacher explained the lesson. He corrected the exercises and counted the mistakes. Had you a lesson yesterday? No, but 1 had a translation to write. There was one mistake in this exercise. There were many mistakes in that one. 1 opened mv book and listened to you. Exercise 24.-Are you the pupil or the teacher? Is he in class? Are we wíth you? Is the child young? Is the teacher good? Are the pupils lazy? Were the books new? Was he in the classroom? Have you got a good book? Had the teacher any good pupils? Had the teachers any new pupils? Exercise 25.-1 am the pupil. 1 am not the teacher. He is in class. He ís not at home. We are with you. We are not with them. The child is young. He is not oId. The teacher is good. He is not bad. The pupils are Iazv, They are not studious. The books were new. They were not old. He was in the classroom. He was not at home. 1 have got a good book. 1 have not got abad one. The teacher has good pupils. He has not anv bad ones. The teachers had some new pupils. They had not any oId ones.
Exercise 26.-We played. You opened. He repeated. She looked. 1 worked. They counted. He was. We were. You hado There was one book. There were two books. Exercíse 27.-Today is Wednesday, the second of February. Tomorrow is Thursday, the third of February, Níneteen Sixty-Seven, 1 was born on the thirteenth of August, Níneteen Forty-Níne. 1 am seventeen and a half years oId. My bírthday is on the fourth of October. You were born. on the eighth of January, Níneteen Thirty, 1 have three English lessons during the week on Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. My English teacher comes on Wednesday and Saturday. Have you a lesson today? No, I had a lesson yesterday. Exercise 28.-Today it is cold. The days are short. lt rains or it snows. It is windy and foggy. Yesterdav it was fine. The weather was warm. There was neither rain, nor snow, nor wind (or it was neither rainy nor snowy, nor windy). 1 like when it is fine and warm. I am not wrong, 1 am right. Exercise 29.-It is twenty-ñve minutes past four. 1 is half past seven. It is ten minutes past eight. It is midday or twelve o'clock. It is midnight. It IS twenty minutes to six. It is five minutes to ten. It is half pasr three. Is it twenty-five minutes past eleven. It is quarter past twelve. It is nine o'clock sharp, Wednesday the twenty-eighth of January. Saturday, the twenty-fiftl¡ of Apri!. There are sixty minutes in one hour. Nota: Abreviación frecuente: it is twenty-five past four 1t is five to ten. It is twenty to six. Exerclse 30.-It is warm in summer. It is cold in winter. The days are long in spring and in summer. The nights are long in fall and in winter. In fall the weather is dark, foggy and rainy. There are four seasons in 2year. The first month of the year is Januarv, Mondar is the first day of the week. February is very short (or is a very short month). The color of the snow is white. Exerclse 31.-To count, counting-to have, having-« be, being-to work, working-to play, playing-to explain, explaining-to ask, asking-to answer, answeringto correct, correcting-to repeat, repeating-to 100 looking-to listen, listening-to open, opening=-to knoi knowing-to write, writing-to draw, drawing-to do doing-to like, liking-to cut, cutting-to sharpen, sharpening-to sit, sitting-to stand, standing-to gOl goi -to come, coming-to read, reading-to take, taking give, giving-to speak, speaking-to get, gettíng begin, beginning. Ejercicio 32.-Mi pelo es largo y oscuro, pero no es rizado. Tengo cejas y pestañas oscuras. Tengo ojos verdes, una nariz recta y una boca pequeña. Mi lengua y mis dientes están dentro de mi boca. En el medio de . cara está la nariz; debajo de la nariz están la boca mentón. A ambos lados (literalmente: en cada lado • mí cara están las orejas.
1
Exercise 33.-ls it raining? Yes, it is raining. No, it ~ not raining, Is it snowing? Yes, it is snowing, No, ~ is not snowing. Are you going to school? Yes, 1 am go~ to schoo!. No, 1 am not going to school. Are you readinr the lesson? Yes, 1 am reading it. No, 1 am not readinz jAre you taking the book? Yes, 1 am taking the book. K 1 am not taking the book. Is your teacher speaking EDglish? Yes, my teacher is speaking English. No, Ir:"' teacher is not speaking English. Is the pupil speakirx Spanish? Yes, he is speaking Spanish. No, he is speakíng Spanish. Exercíse 34.-1 am going out in the morning. He working at home in the afternoon. He is writing m= exercises. You are repeating many lessons. They are lis: ening to yOU.He is lookíng at the pictures. We are v.~ king one hour every morning. Exercise 35.-1 have two arrns, two legs, four lir • one neck.-The principal parts of the body are: the h the trunk and the four limbs.-The four limbs are: e rigth arm, the left arm, the right leg and the left legThe parts of the arm are: the shoulder, the elbow, hand and the fingers.-I have ten fingers, two feet ten toes. Exercise 36.-1 have long hair (or 1 have short Mv hair is fair (or MVhair is not fair-it is dark). hair is curly, rny hair is not curly. The parts of mouth are the two lips, the tongue, the teeth and
Curso de inglés -149 ed. She ·e. You
of Feboruary, .nth oí ~a half sr. You illrty.1 iesday, [les on LY? No, iort. It ;terday neither ny nor iarrnv I our. It :. It is twenty If past .t is a iesday, ty-fifth
te. A deaf man cannot hear. A blind 'man cannot see. : aro not blindo The teacher is not dumb. The hair of ís old man is grey (or white). The color of my cheeks rosy. Yes my nose is straight. No, my nose is not ight. My mouth is neither large nor small; it is dle-sized. We see with OUTeyes. We hear with our =.--,¡. We speak with OUTtongues, we smell with OUT , we touch with our fingers. Exercise37.-Bob is a good pupil. He knows bis lesson, does bis exercises and learns bis Englísh words. He good morning to his teacher when he comes into classroom. He repeats his words and his sentences ~ English (or his English words and sentences) and has -- mistakes in his work. He goes to school in the mornJ at a quarter past eight and comes black home in the ":ernoon. Exercise 38.-Mary is a good pupilo She knows her on, she does her exercises and learns her English ,rds. She says good morning to her teacher when she zomes into the classroom. She repeats her English words sentences and has no mistakes in her work. She to school in the morning at a quarter past eight and es back home in the afternoon.
Me visto: me pongo la camisa y los pantalones -los que sostengo con un cinturón-e, los calcetines y los zapatos. Pongo una corbata alrededor del cuello y un pañuelo en el bolsillo. Cuando salgo, me pongo el abrigo, si hace frío, y el impermeable, si está lloviendo. Cuando entro, me quito el abrigo y lo cuelgo en un ropero. Me quito los zapatos y calzo las pantuflas. Exercise 44.-1 get up at seven o'clock, at half past six. 1 go to bed at ten o'clock, at a quarter past ten, at a quarter to eleven. First 1 put on my shirt and my trousers. No, 1 do not put on slippers when 1 go out. No, 1 do not put on an overcoat when 1 am at home. A man has a tie round bis collar. No, a woman has a pair of stockings on her feet. Yes, 1 do. Exercise 45.-ln the morning he gets up at seven o'clock in winter and at half past six in summer. He dresses: he puts on bis shirt and bis trousers -wbich he holds up with a belt- bis socks and bis shoes, He puts a tie round bis collar and a handkerchief in his pocket. When he goes out, he puts on his overcoat, if it is cold, and bis raincoat, if it is raining. When he comes in, the takes off bis overcoat and he hangs it in the closet. He takes off bis shoes and puts on bis slippers.
Exercises 39.-This little girl is not very nice. She has n blue eyes and fair hair. She has not rosy cheeks, a ::rrned-up nose and a pretty little mouth. Now she is It learning her lesson. She IS neither reading nor workg. She is not an attentive pupil, so she cannot speak Englísh fluently. She does not pay attention to the ;ronunciation.
Exercise 46.-ln 1 do not dress at overcoat. When 1 overcoat. When 1 slippers.
:old in er. The ,eather is in a ~onday rrt (or: white.
Exercises 4O.-He does not work, he does not learn, he ::res not speak, he does not go. She does not hear, she ::res not see, she does not taste, she does not feel. We -=n not like, we do not begin, we do not know, we do It answer. They do not end, they do not walk, they -- not skate, they do not run.
ing-to -to exeringI look,
Exercise 41.-Father, mother.-Son, daughter.-Hus-::and, wife.-Aunt, uncle.-Niece, nephew.-Sister, bro:.:rer.-Child, cbildren.-Man, men.-Woman, women.-I ::::avetwo brothers and one sister.- Yes, 1 have many zimts and uncles.-My grandfather is very old. He is ::ighty-six.
La ropa interior de las mujeres son: el sostén, las pantaletas o bombachas y las enaguas. Una mujer sostiene sus medias con un portaligas. Encima de su ropa interior lleva un vestido o una falda con una blusa o con un suéter. Cuando sale se pone un saco o un abrigo y un par de guantes. Cuando hace mucho frío se pone un abrigo con cuello de piel. En la casa lleva un delantal encima de su vestido. En la escuela, las niñas llevan delantales. Cuando está lloviendo, una mujer toma su paraguas. En los países calientes, las damas tienen abanicos para abanicarse con ellos.
st four.
l know,
oto do, 1, shar, going ing-to ing-to no es b ojos lengua Jdemi ea yel ido) de
No, it n going reading ding it. ok. No, ing En~o, my ieaking is not He is ~ many are listtre walIimbs, .e head, lre: the ~ leg.»», the eet and t
hair)
rk). My
of the md the
La ropa y la ropa interior
Exercise 47.-A woman's underclothes are the slip, and brassiere. Over them she puts a blouse and a skirt, or a dress. She holds up her stockings with a garter belt. She has a fur collar. She takes an umbrella when the weather is rainy. She does not take it when the weather is fine. At schoollittle girls wear pinafores. No, he does not. No, they do not. Little girls wear short skirts now.
panties,
Exercise 42.-My father's father is my grandfather.lty father's brother is my uncle.-My father's sister is =::IY aunt.-My uncle's son is rny cousin.-My sister's ::aughter is my niece.-My brother's son is my nephew. Mi primo Juan
I
[o, it ís
winter 1 do not get up at 7 o'clock. 8 o'clock, The schoolboy puts on bis do not go out, .¡ do not put on my do not get up, 1 do not put on my
Juan es un muchacho grande y fuerte, de unos trece años de edad; es alto y bien formado. No es el muchacao más aplicado de su clase, ni el más inteligente. En realidad, es muy perezoso; no estudia sus lecciones =i hace sus tareas; no le gusta estudiar, no le. interesan ~s libros y lecciones, pero es aficionado a todos los de:x>rtes. - Si bien es el último de su clase en gramática u orto9eroespecialmente fútbol, beisbol y hockey. Empero, su padre no está satisfecho con él y dice que si no corrige su conducta en el próximo semestre, será ::ecesario castigarlo severamente. La vida de mi abuelo Mi abuelo tiene ahora 72 años. Estuvo en la escuela de s 8 hasta los 15 años y luego comenzó a trabajar como oficinista. Casó cuando tuvo 25 años; su esposa era una mujer buena y cariñosa, y juntos vivieron muy felices. Tuvieron varios hijos, dos varones y tres mujeres. Una de estas hijas fue mi madre. Ahora mi abuelo no trabaja, vive en el campo, no está ni sordo, ni ciego, ni siquiera miope. No es muy fuerte, naturalmente, pero sale para un paseo todos los días, cuando el tiempo está bueno. Exercise 43.-Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, he is. No, e does noto No, he does not. Yes, he is. Yes, he can. Yes, he is. Yes, he was. Yes, he hado No, he .oes noto Yes, he does.
Yes, hewas.
Me visto En la mañana me levanto a las siete en el invierno y a las seis y media en el verano.
Ejercicio 48.-En la mañana, cuando me levanto, la primera cosa que hago es ir al cuarto de baño. Me lavo la cara y las manos con agua y jabón. Las seco con una toalla, pero todavía no estoy listo. Tengo que cepillarme y limpiarme las uñas; luego tengo que cepillarme los dientes con el cepillo de dientes y peinarme delante del espejo. Cuando estoy completamente listo, termino de vestirme. Vuelvo a poner todo en su lugar antes de salir. Exercise 49.-1 am not aman. 1 do not work, do not learn, do not study. She is not a schoolgirl. She does not do her homework and does not go to school. We cannot speak and cannot write a letter in English. You must not listen to me. He is not reading and is not writing. They are not dancing and playíng. Yesterday we were not at home. We did not correct OUTexercises and did not repeat oUT lessons. They did not open their books. We did not speak English.-They did not write a dictation. Exercise 50.-A little girl was at the door, she carne in and said, "Good morning." She went to her place, took her books and exercise books and began to work. The teacher spoke English. He asked questions and we answered. 1 was reading and you were listening. This lesson was difficult to learn. 1 had many lessons to learn. There were many lessons in thís book. Exercise 51.-1 live in a house. 1 live on the ground floor or first floor, second floor ... There are five, six, seven . . . stories in my house. 1 do not live on the groundfloor. Yes, 1 have a balcony. No, 1 have no balcony. There are balconies on the second and fifth floors, generally. The walls of my house are made of stone or brick. The doors and floors are made of wood. The roof is covered with slate or tile. A tile is red. The cellar
150- Curso de inglés is underground, under the house. -No, I do not live in the cellar. Ejercicio 52.-En la mañana a las 8 tengo mi desayuno. Tomo una taza de café con leche o de chocolate y como pan con mantequilla. A las 2 de la tarde es tiempo de comer. Me siento a la mesa. Tomo mi servilleta y me la pongo sobre las rodillas. Como la sopa con cuchara. Corto la carne en el plato con el cuchillo. Como carne y verduras con el tenedor. Sazono la ensalada con aceite, vinagre, sal y pimienta. Luego como un poco de queso y mermelada con galletas o algo de fruta. Tomo una taza de café, y mi comida está terminada. No tomo vino, ni cerveza, ni sidra; sólo bebo agua. A las 5 tomo un refresco o una taza de té, cuando tengo tiempo, y a las 8 de la noche tomo mi cena. Exercise 53.- Yesterday I had dinner at half past twelve. I eat my meals in the dining room. I have my breakfast at eight oclock. In a salad 1 put oil, vinegar, salt, pepper, a little mustard. At breakfast 1 drink tea, or coffee and milk, or chocolate. At dinner 1 eat meat, vegetables and dessert. No, I do not like pepper. I take mustard with meato Exercíse 54.- Yesterday I took my dinner (or my lunch) at half past eleven. late some bread, meat and vegetables. I took a fork in my left hand and a knife in my right hand to cut rny meat. At 5 o'clokc 1 had a cup of tea with friends, we were in the living room before the fire. It was very warm. It was hot. El comedor
En el centro del cuarto se encuentra la mesa de madera con sillas alrededor. Contra la pared está el aparador, y junto al aparador está la chimenea con un espejo arriba de ella. En una esquina hay una mesa pequeña con varios platos y platones. El piso está cubierto con una alfombra, hay cortinas en la ventana y unos cuantos cuadros sobre las paredes. Tomamos tres o cuatro alimentos en el comedor todos los días. Exercise 55.-1 eat meat and vegetables with a fork. I eat soup with a spoon. I drink tea or coffee from a cup. I cut my meat with a knife, I eat rny soup with a spoon. I drink tea, coffee, milk or chocolate in a cupo I put no sugar in my tea, but I do put milk in it. On a saucer I put rny cup. In a bottle there is wine or beer or cider. In a decanter there is wine. In a dish, there are vegetables, or meat. I drink tea at 5 o'clock. 1 prefer coffee to tea. Exercise 56.-No, I do not eat my soup with a fork. 1 donot drink wine out of a cup, nor tea out of a glass. I do not eat vegetables at breakfast. My brother does not put sugar in rus salad. My father does not put pepper in his cup of coffee. 1 did not drink beer yesterday. I did not eat chocolate last week. My mother did not give me much meat at dinner. Mi dormitorio En una esquina está mi cama junto al ropero. Al pie de la cama hay un sillón donde me siento cuando estoy cansado. En el espejo me miro en la mañana cuando me arreglo el pelo. En el verano hay flores en el florero sobre la mesa. Mi libro favorito se encuentra en el estante. Exercise 57.-ln what room is your bed? My bed is in my bedroom. In what room have you an armchair? 1 have an armchair in the bedroom and also in the living room. Where do you receive your friends? 1 receive rny friends in the living room. Where does the servant cook the meals? She cooks them in the kitchen. Where does your father work? My father works in his study. Do you wash in the bathroom? Yes, Ido. Were you in the living room yesterday? No, 1 was not in the living room yesterday. Had you any friendss? Yes, 1 had some. No, I had not any, Where there chairs in the living room? There were several chairs in the living room. Did you take your meals in the kitchen? Yes, I took my meals in the kitchen. No, I did noto Did you put flowers in the vase? Yes, I did. No, I did noto Exercise 58.-ln the morning 1 get up, 1 wash and 1 dress. When 1 am ready, I go to the dining room. 1 sit down at the table in front of my cup of coffee. 1 put some milk and sugar in it and 1 begin my breakfast. I cut my bread, 1 put butter on it and I eat it; then 1 drink my coffee and milk and 1 put the cup back on the saucer.
The coffee is in front of me in the coffeepot, the milk in the milk jug and the sugar in the sugar bow!. lit": mother takes neither coffee nor tea, she prefers chocolate. 1 like tea very much, but I do not drink tea in the morning. I drink some in the afternoon at five o'cloc on Thursdays and Sundays, when I am at home. Exercise 59.-Today I am at schoo!. I work, I obey m teacher, I do not play. My brother is young. He does not go to school. He is at home with my mother anc he looks at pictures in the nursery or plays in the garden. Yesterday I was with my friends. We did not wor. because we had neither exercises nor lessons; we too' tea, we ate bread, jam and biscuits; We did not go ou; into the garden: it rained. Tomorrow I shall go school, 1 shall say my lessons and correct my exercises with my teacher. There will not be many mistakes and 1 shail have a good mark; my teacher wil! say: "That was well done". If it was fine, I should go out; if it rainec you would be at home. Exercise 60.-The dog is as useful as the cat and it is more faithful, A calf ís bigger than a sheep but is no; so big as an OX. The ears of an ass are longer thaz, those of a horse, but the rabbit has ears as long as those of the ass (or donkey). The cat is cleaner than the dog and the pig is dirtier than the other animals. I like the dog less than the cat but more than the horse. Exercise 61.-The hen gives us eggs. The cow gives us milk. With milk we make butter and cheese. 1 know beef, veal, mutton and pork. The ox gives beef. The calf gives veal. The sheep gives mutton and the pig gives pork. We do not eat the dog and the cat. No, 1 do n eat chicken every day. 1 like both (ambos). A young cow is a calf. Cats eat rats and mice. The donkey anc, the rabbit have very longs ears. Exercíse 62.-1 am older than my brother, but he is taller than 1. In summer the days are longer than i:: winter and the nights are shorter. January is longer than February or April, but December is as long as January. It is warmer in spring than in winter. It was colder yesterday than today. It will be finer tornorro than today. 1 should go out if it was less cold. Y would go to school if it was warmer. Exercíse 63.-The dog is the most faithful animal. Tbe cow and the horse are the most useful animals. Tbe biggest domestic animal is the ox. I like the dog best With wool we make warm clothes. With leather Vi make shoes, boots, schoolbags. We put on woolen stockings in winter. I like the cat better than the horse. A donkey is not less useful than a horse. The one ís as useful as the other. A donkey is much bigger than a dog Exercíse 64.-00 you speak? Did you speak? Will voz. speak? Have you spoken? Does the fire burn? Did . burn? Wil! the fire burn? Has the fire burnt? Exercise 65.-ls this my house? Is it a large house" Has the house several floors (or stories)? Can 1 see fue balcony on the 5th floor? Did I write my exercise ye5terday? Did he come to school? Did he work very much? Did you speak English? Will he come tomorrow? Woul they work? Exercise 66.- Yesterday 1 díd not eat roast beef anc did not drink a cup of milk. 1 did not look at my chickens. They were not very fato Tomorrow I shall not go market. I shall not have butter and eggs. I shall not ord meat and vegetables. You will not come with me. I az; not coming tomorrow. He was not working. She wi~ not be playing. Exercise 67.-At the fruiterer's shop 1 buy fruits anz, vegetables. At a butchers shop I can see meat: beef, veal and mutton. The milkman sells milk, the grocer sells sugar, salt, oil, vinegar, etc. The fishmonger sells all sorts of fish. I buy bread at the baker's. The ma.:. who makes bread is the baker. The ox, the sheep and tbe calf give the meat sold at the butcher's. The cow gíves milk. The hen gives eggs. In winter, the fruiterer sells only oranges, lemons, bananas and chestnuts. In SUJ mer the greengrocer sells all sorts of vegetables: beans peas, carrots, spinach, etc. No, 1 paid my mother's bií, but I did not pay yours. Exercise 68.-The milkman brings the milk to tbe door. The dairyman sells the cheese and the butter made with the milk. He also sells eggs. At the greeogrocer's 1 buy oranges and lemons. In summer I bouzlx
Curso de inglés -151 e milk ,,1. My chocoin the )'clock
Jey my e does er and he gart work 'e took go out go to .ercises s and 1 rat was rained
I1dit is is not er than long as han the ;. I like rse.
zives us 1 know ['he calf 19 gives do not young {ey and
l
.it he is
than in
; longer
long as . It was morrow ,Id. You
nal, The als. The .og best. ther we m stock-
horse.
A
s as usen a dogo
Will you ? Did it
e house? 1 see the -císe yes.y much? v? Would
beef and ny chicknot go to 110torder me. 1 am She will
ruits and eat: beef, le grocer 1ger sells The man p and the :ow gives erer sells . In sumes: beans, her's bil!,
Ik to the he butter
the green- 1 bought
peaches and plums. In spring I shall buy cherries and strawberries. Apples and grapes are cheapest in the Iall. ,VhenI want mutton, veal or beef 1, go to the butchers. ,VhenI want potatoes or carrots I also go to the greengrocer's, But at the market the meat is cneaper and the vegetables and flowers are fresher. Butchers, ñshmongers, dairymen and greengrocers have their stands at me market. I like to shop there. Exercise 69.-Has the master any pupils? Yes, he has some. No, he has not any. Had he any last Tuesday? Yes, he had some. No he had not any. Will he have more n next Tuesday? No, he will not have more. Yes, he zill have more. Have you any children? Yes, 1 have some. No, 1 have not any, Has this lady any daughters? Yes, she has some. No, she has not any (or: No, she has none). Had these schoolboys many lessons? Yes, they aad many. No, they had few. Have you more than that? Yes, 1 have more. No, 1 have less. Have you less? No, : nave more. Yes, 1 have less.
it is not mine, it is yours or theirs. Do you want this book? No, thank you, 1 have my own book. Exercise 77.-My brother Peter is eighteen years old; he was born on the twenty-sixth of January, Nineteen Hundred and Forty-eight. He is no longer a lazy schoolboy. He is now a studious young man who is verv fond of mathematics. In the morning when he has some work to do, he gets up at half past six or at a quarter to seven. When he has washed and dressed himself, with all his books, and notebooks ready, he takes his breakfast in the dining room with my mothér and sister. My father is already out. After he has drunk bis coffee, he reads the newspaper; then he takes his hat and his portfolio and goes to his class. He likes to study, bis teachers are pleased with him and his exercises are well done .
ze does and he also sel!s cakes and pies. Are there any
Exercise 78.-When 1 am older, I shal! no longer be' at school and 1 must have a profession. 1 do not think that 1 shal! be a teacher, for 1 am not patient and I do not like long studies. My father would like me to be a doctor, like him; it is a very useful but very tiring profession, and one for which a young man must study a very long time before he can practise it. I am thinking about work in an office, a bank or a shop. 1 already speak a little English; 1 shall learn a little French and German, because languages are very useful in business.
Exercise 71.-Today 1 want milk, cream and eggs, 1 50 to the dairyman's to buy some. After ·that 1 go to :he stationers to get my newspaper and some pencils. I ask the stationer if he has any English dictionaries, but .:3e can only show me a pocket edition with very few ":I'Ords.Tomorrow 1 shall go to the bookseller's to look .:or a good one, because 1 shall need it for my next :.sson.
Exercise 79.-1 am fifteen ... or twenty ... or forty years old. 1 was born in Caracas on the twenty-first of April, Nineteen Forty-one ... Forty-six ... Twenty-six. My profession is that of a teacher, 1 am a teacher by profession. 1 should prefer the profession of a doctor or of a surgeon. I am not tall, 1 am short. I am not small, 1 am big. 1 am not fair, I am dark. 1 am not old, I am young. 1 am not aman, I am a woman. 1 am neither a boy nor a girl. I have two brothers and no sisters. They are younger than 1. My father is not a very old man, but he is no longer a young mano I am married. 1 am not single. 1 have children: sons and daughters. I live in an important city: I do not live in the country. I live on the third floor. My house has four stories. My apartment has five rooms. I sleep in the bedroom, eat in the dining room and play the piano and receive my friends in the living room. Yes, 1 can name the pieces of furniture in each of them. Yes, I can: plates, spoons, forks,knives, etc. ~
Exercise 70.-Does the pastrycook
sel! anv tarts? Yes,
~retty earrings ('i;¡riuz) at your jeweler's? Yes, go and zet some. Has your sister bought any paper, ink and :iens? Yes, she has, and she has also got blotting ?aper and long rulers. Has the florist many flowers loday? No, she has few; she has neither roses nor pinks. 3as your teacher much work, many lessons? He has many lessons, rnany pupils and little time for himself. Has anybody been to the booksellers? Yes, somebody zas been. Was there anything interesting? ('intristiJ))? So, there was nothing at all.
Exercise 72.-Where do you go? Where does this lady _.e? When do you get up? When does the boy go to school? How do you like this picture? How much is it? .3.ow much time have you? How many mistakes are taere in this exercise? How many times do you go to school in a week? What do you say? What does this ;entleman want? Why do you not speak English? Why -- you want to learn English? Exercise 73.-The sculptor produces figures and ornazaents cut in stone or cast in bronze. The painter paints :Rctures. The doctor is one of the most useful men ii:::nongthose who practise a profession. The chemist :::::d the nurses help .the doctor in his work. When 1 zave abad tooth 1 got to the dentist's. The typist works ':::.an roffice. The workman works in afactory. Some 3ctories ernploy many workmen. Exercise 74.-Who gives you English lessons? Nobody ;:'es me English lessons. 1 teach myself. What do these zrtists produce? The sculptor cuts a statue in marble' zad the painter paints a portrait", Whose house is this? :ills is my father's house. For whom is this other house? := ís for my brother. Who drew the plans of the house? :::::.eplans were drawn by an architect. When will it be ready? It will be ready in three weeks' time. Which =e do you prefer? 1 prefer my father's house. Why? 3ecause it is bigger and because he built it himself. ~marble ('mo.:bl)
=
mármol; 2portrait ('p:l:trit)
=
retrato.
Exercíse 75.-Gold is a precious metal, more precious .zan silver. Steel is a useful metal, more useful than ~d or silver; it is the most useful of al! metals. Winter a cold season, colder than spring or fallo Spring is s warm but more rainy than summer. In winter the zays are shorter than in fallo Which is the shortest day - the whole year? and which is the longest? Exercise 76.-Who are you? 1 am the student who is dying English every day at half past three. With nom did you come (have you come)? With nobody . lIo teaches you English? Mr. White teaches me English. ,;:;:what book do you learn your lessons? 1 learn my .essons in the Enciclopedia Autodidactica. With whom ) you do your exercises? Nobody, does mv exercises ~.h me. 1 do them myself. Is this book yours? Yes, it mine, ves it is ours. Has anybody given you his book? -IY has he given it? Because he wants me to study it. the exercise book which 1 see on the table yours? No
Exercise 80.-ta tts. he flies; ta cry, he críes; to study, he studies; ta capy, he copies; ta spy, he spies; ta dry, he dries; ta [etch, he fetches; ta teach, he teaches; ta dress, he dresses; ta do, he does] ta unda, he undoes; ta go, he goes; ta wash, he washes; ta try, he tries; ta brush, he brushes. Plural: Child, children; waman,. women; gentleman, gerrtle-: men; sportsman, sportsmen; ox, oxen; sheep, sheep: goose, geese; mause, mice; boy, boys; lady, ladies; cherry, cherries; day, days; study, studies; pencil box, pencil boxes; dish, dishes; patato, potatoes; tomato, tomatoes; hero, heroes. Feminine Gender:
Bov, girl: son, daughter: [ather, mother; man, woman; husband, wife; nephew, niece: uncle, aunt; brother, sister; schoolboy, schoolgirl; Mr., Mrs., Miss; Sir, Madam. Possesive Case: My father's house is large and pretty. My grandfathers garden is smal!er than mine. This pupil's work is better than yours. Your fríend's sister has come. 1 have spoken to your pupil's father. 1 have bought this man's books and I shall give them to YOU. This lady's son is here. Tema - Lección 49 Los Estados
Unidos de América
Los Estados Unidos están situados en el hemisferio septentrional y ocupan casi la mitad del territorio de América del Norte. Es uno de los países más grandes del mundo, pero es más pequeño que Canadá o Rusia. Está limitado al norte por Canadá, al oeste por el océano Pacífico, al este por el Atlántico y al sur por México y el golfo de México. El país es una república federal formada por la unión de cincuenta estados y el Distrito de Columbia. El presidente es el jefe del gobierno. La capital es Washington, D.C. (Distrito de Columbia). Nueva York, en la costa
--Ji
152- Curso de inglés oriental, es una ciudad muy grande y un importante puerto marítimo. Exercise 81.-England is situated in the Northwestern part of Europe. England is bounded on the south by the Englísh Channel and the Straits of Dover; on the east by the North Sea or German Sea, on the west by the Irish Sea; on the north by Scotland. London is the capital of England, It is built on the Thames (ternz). The Thames is an English river running into the North Sea. England, Scotland, North Ireland and Wales form the United Kingdom. The present ruler of the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth the Second. Ejercicio 82.-Quiero ir a los Estados Unidos, ante todo porque deseo aprender mejor inglés. Ahora sé leer o escribir una carta corta en inglés y puedo hablar un poco, pero cuando esté en el país, tendré que hablar inglés todo el día y no oiré más que inglés. Así que escribiré a mi amigo Juan Brown y le pediré la dirección de una buena casa de huéspedes para pasar unas pocas semanas en la ciudad donde él vive. Temas. Lección 50 Escribo una carta Tomo una hoja de papel de cartas y un sobre. Escribo la fecha: lunes, 13 de marzo, en el extremo superior derecho. Comienzo la carta en la parte superior de la hoja. Termino la carta en la parte inferior de la hoja. Firmo con mi nombre. Escribo también mi dirección (remitente) en la parte superior. Doblo la hoja de papel. La pongo en el sobre. Pego el sobre. Pego una estampilla y escribo la dirección del destinatario en el sobre. Vaya la oficina de correos para enviar mi carta. Oficina de correos Estoy en la oficina de correos. Echo mi carta en el buzón. El correo la recoge, le pone el matasellos y la envía a la población donde vive mi destinatario. Un cartero la entrega. Si mi amigo es formal, pronto recibiré contestación. En la oficina de correos puedo comprar estampillas y tarjetas postales. Puedo enviar dinero por giro postal o por carta certificada. Puedo enviar paquetes por el servicio de paquetes postales o libros como impresos. Puedo telefonear, telegrafiar o enviar cables. Puedo depositar dinero en la caja de ahorros. Exercise 83.-He takes, he writes, he begins, he ends, he signs, he addresses, he writes his retum address, he folds, he slips, he seals, he sticks, he goes. He took, he wrote, he began, he ended, he signed, he addressed, he wrote, his return address, he folded, he slipped, he sealed, he stuck, he went. He will take, he will write, he will begin, he will sign, he will address, he will write his retum address, he will fold, he will slip, he will seal, he will stick, he will go. Exercise 84.-A postman collects and delivers letters. At a post office lean get stamps and postcards. I stick a stamp in the upper rizht-hand corner. No, I dot not collect postage stamps. I drop my letter into the mailbox. lean send narcels by parcel post. lean send books by book post. The plural of postman is postmen. To a gentleman 1 write: Mr. C.P. Johnson. To a lady I put Mrs. Johnson. At the end of a business letter I write: Yours truly, or Very truly yours. Yes, 1 like to write and to receive letters. I like very much to receive long letters. Yes, I always answer inmediately. When I was a boy I collected both stamps and postcards (or: I did not collect stamps or postcards). Exercise 85.-Gold is more precious, but less useful then steel. Spring is the season that 1 prefer. Dogs and cats are useful animals. I learn English, history and geography, I do not (1 don't) like mathematics. Oueen Victoria ruled in England for a very long time. Lección 51 Querido Juan: Me doy cuenta que hace mucho tiempo no has oído de mí, pero estaba preparando una sorpresa. He estado es-
tudiando inglés desde hace algunos meses y ahora siento que estoy listo para ir a los Estados Unidos. ¿Puedes ayudarme a encontrar una casa de huéspedes cómoda, pero no demasiado cara? Espero que estés bien y no demasiado ocupado para poder planear el pasar algunos ratos juntos. Trasmite mis saludos a tu esposa y dile que tengo unas nuevas Canciones para ella. Apreciaré mucho tu ayuda y te doy las gracias anticipadas. Sinceramente, Marcelino García R. Querido Marcelino: Tu carta ha sido una verdadera sorpresa. Felicitaciones sobre tu éxito. Me complace decir que he encontrado lo que necesitas. Encontrarás anexo la dirección de una buena casa de huéspedes y las tarifas. Espero que eso te convenga. Escríbeme unas líneas cuando estés completamente decidido, ya que quiero ir a encontrarte en la estación. Mi mujer espera gustosamente tu visita. No olvides traer tu guitarra. Muy sinceramente tuyo, John. Exercise 86.-He carne S months ago; or: It is S months since he carne. I have not seen him for a week. I saw him a week ago. I began learning English ayear ago. My father and mother married 20 years ago. It is 20 years since my father and mother married. I have been here for one hour. I have been working for 2 days. He has been talking for one hour and a half. Ejercicio 86 a.-Mis amigos americanos. Conocí a los Brown hace algún tiempo en Venezuela. John estaba investigando el mercado para sus productos, y su mujer una atractiva señora de edad mediana, gozaba de sus vacaciones lejos de la casa. John se inició en los negocios hace veinte años y ahora tiene una pequeña, pero próspera casa comercial propia. Se ve fuerte y sano Le gusta la pesca, la navegación y todas las actividades al aire libre. Su voz es algo fuerte [loud (laud) = alto ruidoso], pero tiene un modo franco y agradable. Tema -
Lección 52. Medios de trasporte
Si viajo a los Estados Unidos puedo elegir varios medios de trasporte. Muchas rutas aéreas enlazan Venezuela con todos los países de América. A cada rato hay aviones aterrizando en la pista del aeropuerto de earacas y hay un vuelo diario a Nueva York vía Maracaíbo. Compañías de vapor proporcionan servicio programado de pasajeros y carga desde La Guaira. Buques de toda clase y tonelaje llegan al puerto y van a muchos importantes puertos marítimos del mundo. He visto alh: cargueros, buques-tanques y trasatlánticos de lujo. Pero el barco más bonito de todos era un velero blanco Echó anclas no lejos del muelle, exactamente debajo de! faro. Me gustaría ir en un barco, pero no soy buen marino y quizá me maree durante el viaje, Creo que volaré a Miami y seguiré a Nueva York por una ruta terrestre: por ómnibus o por tren. Ejercicio 87.-EQUIPAJE.Si viajo en avión pondré todos los artículos más pesados en el baúl y los embarcaré con anticipación a Nueva York por vapor. Si I fuera tan caro, preferiría llevarlo conmigo en el avió Viajaré con el menor equipaje posible. Cuando esté listo para salir, pondré mi ropa en una maleta, primero los artículos pesados: libros y zapatos, en el fondo: luego las cosas más ligeras: camisas, :p,ijamas, corbatas, pañuelos y trajes, encima. Mi cepillo de dientes peine, navaja de afeitar, jabón de afeitar y pasta de dientes cabrán todos en un estuche dentro del maletín chico. Ejercicio 88.-Eso es una lección de dibujo. Ayer ve una lección de canto. No hablen sin pensar. Él saíe después de haber hecho su trabajo. Soy muy aficionado a la navegación y a la equitación. PIenso comprar un coche. Ésta es una muchacha muy trabajadora. ¿Ih tenido usted un día agotador? Mi hija aprende confección de vestidos, y mi hijo practica la talla de IDadera. Voy al taller de la costurera para una prueba. Tema -
Lección
53. Aterrizaje
El tiempo estuvo bueno, y el servicio a bordo, excelente. El avíón aterriza. Damos gracias a la tripulacién. el piloto, el ingeniero de vuelo, el sobrecargo y la bo ta sobrecargo. Antes de salir del aeropuerto tenem que llenar las formalidades de migración, ~
Curso de inglés - 153 siento
spedes
Ira po-
) unas ruda y
ciones ado lo e una le eso
ite de.ación. ; traer
ionths 1 saw ~O. My years [1 here le has
Hay varias personas de aspecto extranjero entre los jeros: una actriz italiana, dos ingleses, un francés y mujer de negocios brasileña. EL INSPECTOR DE MIGRACIÓN: ¿Puedo ver su pasaporte, Ir favor? PASAJERO: Aquí está. Es válido por dos años. Acabo -"! revalidarlo. l.: Veo .que tiene usted visa turística. ¿Cuál es el ob'-cCO de su viaje? P.: Quiero visitar el país y aprender inglés. l.: Está bien. [Qué lo pase bien! ~1i equipaje ya está en la aduana; no tengo nada por larar, pero abren mi maleta, la examinan y luego marcan con tiza blanca. Otros pasajeros tienen que ar derechos sobre perfumes y bebidas. Uno fue sor:;rendido con contrabando. Exercise 89.-A gentleman, a lady. A master, a mis__ess. A hunter, a huntress. A Scotsman, a Scotswozaan. A duke, a duch*ess. A lord, a lady. A peasant, a :JeaSantwoman or peasantgirl. A son, a daughter. A tizer, a tigress. An emperor, an ernpress. A doctor, a lady .tor. A nephew, a niece. An uncle, an aunt. An author, authoress, a boy cousin, a girl cousin. A host, a host, A husband, a wife. A brother, a sister. An old man, d old woman.
i a los
Iba inmujer, de sus riego1, pero sano. idades = alto, e.
Exercise 91.-My friend will be glad when he sees me. ~ou will know English better when you have been in ::::'eStates. He wil! telephone as soon as (when) he has :::te answer. You will make mistakes as long as you are zot more attentive. As soon as she gets this letter, she -íll come back. While 1 travel, 1 shall think of yOU. ilien you arrive, you will be tired. When he knows that, -~ will be very angry,
os meVeneto hay de Caaracai-
Exercise 92.-1 am going to take the eight fortv-five zrain, 1 have to be at the station at eight o'clock to get =5' ticket and have my baggage checked (observemos .as formas de emplear el verbo to have). If there is ±:De 1 shall go and have something warm at the lunch counter. 1 shall sit on a bench in the waiting room, "!I'atchingthe arrival and departure of passengers. Then .: will go on to the platform where rny train will stop. Trains are seldom ahead of time but they are often te.
ues de ruchos : visto e lujo. ilanco. ajo del en mavolaré restre:
dré toembarSi no avión, sté lisrimero fondo; corbalientes, .sta de male-
yer tual sale aficioirnprar ·a. ¿Ha le conde maeba.
exceilación: a bonienemos
l,
Exercise 95.-Rainy, snowy, foggy, windy, rnuddy, dirty, funny, faithful, plentiful, beautiful, truthful, dusty, cloudy, icy, hilly, yearlv, hourly. (Duplicando la consonante situada entre la vocal acentuada y el sufijo): fog, foggy - mud, muddy - fun, funny. Pleasure, fortune, health, luck, sadness, misery, faith, delight, readiness,. gladness, sickness, length, width, depth, breadth, height, hope, care, arder, beauty, prettiness. Tema -
Lección 56
Un hogar americano
Exercise 90.-The English. The Scotch. The French. Englishman, a Scotsrnan, a Frenchwoman. The rich, .:.e poor, a poor man, a poor woman. The old. The oung. A white-haired mano A grey-haired woman. A lack-eved child. A red-haired girl. A nearsighted mano two-edged tool. A one-way street. A two-way street.
irogra-
dows. A farmer works on a farm. A banker owns or manages a bank.
!.:J
Tema Encuentro
Lección 54
con el Sr. y la Sra. Brown
El viaje era bastante largo, pero no desagradable. Me senté en el coche de observación a mirar por las grandes ventanas el paisaje que cambiaba. Al acercarnos a -,ueva York vi muchas fábricas y menos granjas, pero :a. ondulante campiña parecía fresca y verde bajo un cielo despejado. .Mi amigo Brown, en efecto, me encontró en la estaión,
-¿Cómo te va? -dice-o ¿Tienes equipaje? Déjame ayudarte con la maleta. Dejé mi coche en el estaciona=iento. Sigue hacia la izquierda. Brown es un automovilista experto, y pronto estaznos fuera del tráfico sobre la vía rápida que conduce :ti suburbio donde él vive. -Te estoy llevando a casa. Debes saludar a mi mu-er antes de ir a tu casa de huéspedes. La señora Brown nos saluda en el portal. -¿Cómo está usted? Estoy encantada de saludarlo. Entre usted! Ha de estar muy cansado. Tengo el café isto. Nos deja entrar por la puerta, abierta de par en :;¡ar. El café está caliente, aromático y sabroso. Exercise 93.-The evening paper, the evening papers. The New York train. A coffee cup, some coffee cups, .A coffeepot, the coffeepots. A hatbrush, some hat·rushes. A five-dollar bank note. Exercise 94.-A singer sings songs, operas or musical comedies. A worker works in a factory. A painter paints pictures: portraits and landscapes. A house painter paints houses. A rider rides a horse. A porter carries your luggage at the station. A watchmaker repairs and sells watches. A glazier puts glass panes in our win-
Al Sr. Brown no le gustaría vivir en un edificio de departamentos en el centro de la ciudad. Vive en su propia casa, en los suburbios. El suburbio residencial es realmente una ciudad en miniatura, pero conserva algo del tranquilo pueblo del cual creció. Los vecinos son amistosos, las calles tienen hileras de árboles y hay césped sin cerca frente a las casas. La casa del Sr. Brown tiene todas las comodidades modernas y fue planeada para la actual informal manera de vivir. Como sólo la gente más rica puede soportar el gasto de criados, la señora Brown cuenta con aparatos eléctricos para aligerar sus quehaceres. La sala, en la planta baja, sirve para ver la televisión y para entretenimiento. El comedor sólo se usa en ocasiones especiales, cuando la familia tiene visitas para comer. Los alimentos de todos los días se toman junto a la cocina, en un comedor chico. La cocina es muy grande. Contiene un fregadero, un lavaplatos, una cocina de gas y un refrigerador. La tabla de planchar y la máquina de lavar están junto a la puerta que lleva al patio trasero, porque a la Sra. Brown le gusta tender la ropa al aire libre en el sol. Los dormitorios y los baños están en la planta alta. Los dormitorios de los niños son bastante amplios para el estudio y el juego. El estudio y el taller de herramientas del Sr. Brown están en el sótano, junto al cuarto de la calefacción. Ejercicio 96.-Nuestra
casa (tomado de David Copper-
[ield, por Carlos Dickens).
En la planta baja está la cocina de Peggotty que da al patio trasero con un palomar en el centro. sin ninguna paloma en él; una gran perrera en la esquina, sin ningún perro, y una cantidad de aves que me parecen terriblemente altas, recorriendo el patio de manera amenazadora y feroz. Hay un gallo y una bandada de gansos que estiran el cuello cuando andan detrás de mí. Hay un largo pasillo que conduce desde la cocina de Peggotty a la puerta de entrada. Da acceso a una oscura bodega. Luego están las dos salas, la sala en la que nos sentamos en la noche mi madre, Peggotty y yo, y la sala mejor donde nos sentamos los domingos grandemente, pero incómodos. Y ahora veo la huerta a lo largo de nuestra cerca del jardín. Veo también el exterior de nuestra casa con las ventanas de celosía del dormitorio de mi madre abiertas para dejar entrar el aire perfumado. Ahora estoy en el jardín, en la parte de atrás, donde la fruta se arracima en los árboles y donde mi madre recoge algunas en una canasta. . Exercise 97.-Respuestas.-Peggotty's kitchen was on the ground floor. It opened into a back yard. A back yard is a yard at the back of a house (or behind a house). A dog's kennel is a little house, general!y made of wood, in which the dog sleeps. The fowls 1 know are the co*ck or hen, chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys. The feminine of co*ck is heno A young co*ck or hen is called a chicken. A baby chicken or other baby bird is cal!ed a chick. The singular of geese is goose. Geese waddle when they walk. The passage led to the front door. A storeroom is a room for keeping sto res and provisions af al! kinds. It opened out of the passage. Three people sat in the parlor: David Copnerfield, his mother, and their faithful servant, Clara Peggotty. In an orchard 1 see fruit trees and fruits. 1 know cherry trees, peach trees, apple trees and apricot trees. The mother put the fruits she had gathered in a basket. We use some in affirmative sentences. We use any in neg. and interrogo sentences. Much is used in the sing. Many in the plural. Little is singular. Few is plural. Charles Dickens wrote David Copperfield.
154 - Curso de inglés Tema -
Lección 57
Dónde comer El comer fuera de casa puede ser una necesidad diaria si se trabaja en una gran ciudad. En un restaurante, la gente toma asiento en mesas pequeñas y es atendida por camareros o camareras. En un restaurante se puede tener el "plato del día", o escoger del menú cualquier plato que uno prefiera o pueda permitirse. . Si es un establecimiento con permiso para vender bebidas alcohólicas y a uno se le antoja un trago puede pedirle al camarero le muestre la lista de bebidas. El camarero toma nota del pedido y más tarde presenta la cuenta. Se paga por la comida y se gratifica al camarero. Aparte de los restaurantes, existe gran variedad de lugares para comer, que proporcionan servicio rápido informal y comida a precios razonables. Muchos edificios públicos tienen un comedor con mostrador donde se sirven alimentos calientes. Las bóticas generalmente incluyen una fuente de sodas donde se puede comprar bebidas calientes, refrescos, helados de todos los sabores, postres de helado y emparedados. Los hay que dan servicio a los automovilistas en su coche. La mayoría de los bares lácteos, salones de té y cafeterías ofrecen una variedad de alimentos mayor de lo que sus nombres sugieren. Todos son más baratos que los restaurantes, pero no venden ni vino ni cerveza. Exercise 98.-Uselessly, carelessly, truthfully, narrow-
ly, broadly, slowly, quickly, highly, really, artificially,
shortly. Exercise 99.-This morning I got up earlier than usual. 1 have breakfast more often in the drugstore than at home, but 1 enjoy it less. My teacher comes less often than yours, but he stays longer. I like rny dog more and more, but it is the cat that I like best. An ox draws a cart more slowly than a donkey. A horse runs faster than a donkey. This is the fastest car I ever hado Speak louder, I cannot hear yOU.He writes more leziblv than I. The more we work the faster we shall finish. The workman who works fastest finisbes soonest. Exercise 100.-Tbe monetary unit of the United States is the dallar. The English use pounds, shillings and pence. There are' twelve pence in a shilling. The measures of length are the yard, the foot and inch; the mile ís used for long distances. In a yard there are 3 feet or 36 inches. A mile is longer than a kilometer. A yard is shorter thari a meter. An American ton is lighter than a British ton. There are eight pints in a gallon. There are sixteen ounces in a pound. The Anglo-Saxon system ís neither so simple nor so convenient as the metric one.
1,'
Ejercicio 101.-Recibí su carta hace dos días; no había recibido una durante tres meses. 111se fue hace una semana; había estado aquí durante un mes. Empecé a aprender inglés hace seis meses. He aprendido inglés desde seis meses. Durante los primeros dos meses tuve una lección todos los días. Ahora estudio cada segundo día. ¿Cuánto cuesta esta seda? Vale 3 dólares la yarda, y ésta cuesta $ 4.25. Los huevos están ahora a 60 centavos la docena, y la mantequilla cuesta $ 1.20 la libra. Antes, una taza de café se vendía a 5 centavos de dólar, pero ahora vale el doble o el triple. Cinco obreros hacían 800 ladrillos en un día de 8 horas; con la nueva maquinaria están haciendo miles. La reina Isabel 11 sucedió a su padre; Jorge VI, en 1952. Tema -
Lección 59
La ciudad de Nueva York Nueva York es la ciudad más grande de los Estados Unidos. La población de la entera concentración urbana asciende a once millones, pero sólo una sexta parte de esta gente vive en la parte llamada Manhattan. Manhattan es una isla en la boca del río Hudson. Su área total es menor que 32 millas cuadradas, pero incluye la mayoría de los lugares que dieron fama a Nueva York. Central Park se extiende a lo largo de 51 manzanas en el centro de la isla. El Museo Metropolitano de Arte y el Museo Americano de Historia Natural son adyacentes al parque y a poco camino está el distrito a la moda con sus hoteles de lujo, tiendas elegantes y la Quinta Avenida, con los grandes almacenes. El Centro
Rockefeller se eleva por encima de la Nueva York central. Luego hay los famosos rascacielos, y Broadway, con sus incontables luces en la noche. El edificio de las Naciones Unidas mira hacia el río Este. En la parte más meridional de Manhattan está Wall Street, el más prominente centro de negocios y banqueros de América, y los muelles donde los barcos de muchos países desembarcan sus cargamentos y pasajeros. . Cuando entran en el puerto de Nueva York, todos pasan la mundialmente famosa estatua de la Libertad. Durante la semana las calles de Manhattan están atestadas de gente atareada que corre de un lado a otro. Muchos de ellos viven en las zonas residenciales de los alrededores y viajan a sus empleos en la isla. Hay puentes, túneles por donde ómnibus, subterráneos y vehículos particulares pueden cruzar el río. El domingo, Manhattan parece casi despoblado. Exercise 102.-1 go to church or chapel on Sunday, Yes, I like very much to go to the theatre. 1 do not often go to the theatre or cinema, because I don't have much time. In a hospital I see sick people, in a prison I see criminals. In a lunatic asylurn I see mad or msane people. In my town, there are many museums. At a public library 1 find books; I can borrow (pedir prestado) all sorts of books there. Exercise 103.-A teacher teaches children to read and write. A lawyer speaks in defense of a person who is tried in a court of justice. A doctor exaInines his patients and tries to cure them. A publisher publishes books, newspapers and magazines. A printer prints books by means of a printingpress. An author writes books. A bookbinder binds books. An architect draws the plans of a house. A nurse takes care of sick people. A jornalist OI reporter writes articles for the newspaper. A surgeon perforrns an operation. A dentist pulls or extracts bad teeth or treats them, if he can. Exercise l04.-My son caught a cold yesterday, He coughs, he is hoarse. he has a headache and his throar is sore. He also looks feverish. This damp weather is very unhealthy: I had better put him to bed early and send for the doctor at once. The doctor comes, examines my son, writes the prescription and says: "Let him take this medicine twice a day and he will recover soon". I take the prescription to the drug store and I have it filled by the chemist (pharrnacist). Exercise 105.-Did you hurt yourself this morning. No, 1 did noto Does your head ache terribly? No, i does not ache. Does this boy cough toa much? No he does not cough. Did he catch a cold yesterday? No, he did not catch a cold. Did the doctor examine the patients? No, he did no: examine them. Does the nurse nurse them? No, she does not nurse them. Did he study and practise medicine? No, he did noto Exercise 106.-Let us go to the doctor's. Let me write this letter before going out. Let him Iearn this lesson, Let them come with uso Let her take this book out of the library. 1 have left my umbrella in the bus. He left his country 8 years ago. My father let my sister work:; 1 have left her in her office. Tema - Lección 61 Una carrera en los negocios "¿Qué seré cuando crezca: un agricultor" un cirujano, un ingeniero industrial, un científico nuclear o, tal vez, un hombre de negocios?" Hay centenas de diferentes ocupaciones abiertas a gente capaz y ambiciosa. Andrés Carnegie, el Inillonario americano, había dicho en una ocasión: "Si un joven encuentra que los negocios carecen de romanticismo, no es culpa de los negocios, sino di hombre. ¡Considerad las maravillas relacionadas COJ:: el desarrollo de la electricidad con su insospechado poder! Los negocios no son sólo dólares y centavos! "En los viejos tiempos, todas las ramas de negocios eran conducidas en la más pequeña escala de menudeo, con el resultado de que pequeñas operaciones en negocios chicos criaban gente de poca cuantía. Las facultades superiores de organización, amplias miras " talento .ejecutivo no entraban en juego," "En nuestros días, los negocios se llevan en escala tan gigantesca que a veces un gran empleadar de mano de obra tiene más hombres en su ejército industrial de los que reunían bajo sus banderas los reyezuelos de antaño."
Curso de inglés - 155 'k cenidway, el río
n está'
cios y barcos y pa-
tadas iertad. 1 atesl otro. de los puenrehícuManh-
unday, lo not t have prison insane , At a : presid and vho is itients books, iks by oks, A ans of
list or rrgeon
ts bad iy. He throat
her is lyand exami-
et him soon".
lave it rning? No, it l? No, erday? id not e does licine? write esson, out of le left work;
ciruja-
o, tal iferenisa. lía di:en de 10 del .s con do po;! gocios menules en i. Las liras y ila tan mo de
de los , anta-
Exercise l07.-Can you lend me this book? No, I can't 1 cannot), 1 don't (do not) have it. Will you be able to zíve me this book later? - Can your brother come see us? Yes, but he will not be able to come very early. - Could you speak English last year? No, 1 could
:o
::xlt. - Could you give me this book? Yes, I could, if :::knew where it was. - Were you able to read my Ztter? No. I'rn sorry, it was cornpletely illegible. Could ~u write a letter in English? Not yet, but in a few months I shall be able to do it. Could you see this ::icture? Yes, it was so funny that I could not help ughing all the time. Exercise t08.-Tell him that he may come tomorrow. You may be right. I may accept. I shall write to you so that he may come. May you succeed! May he be right! Be may not (or He cannot) come tomorrow. 1 might ~ wrong but I doubt it. Exercise 109.-1 must work. You must come with me. 3.e must be here tomorrow. You must do this work roday. We must go at four o'dock. He ought to be :::ere. You ought to know where it is. This subject ought to be well known now. You ought not to sell :bis so dear. You should not buy that. I must pay :bis bill tomorrow. I shall have to answer this letter as soon as possible. He has to go with you (He will be obliged to go). We are obliged to raise our prices, Tbey will be obliged to raise theirs. You would be obliged to wire if you could not come. He will have to answer inmediately. I must not make any mistake. I ought to know my lesson much better. Exercise 110.-1 am not a tourist. I cannot speak English. I do not understand English. He must not come directivo He does not go off and may not come back again, 1 shall not speak. I shall not have spoken, I should not play; 1 should not have played. Let me not come. He could not write well. That might not be right, :::was not wrong and you were not right, He does not :hink of yOU.The man did not play and did not win. You did not lose. He was not beaten. You did not throw the ball and he did not catch it. I did not put a stamn on and did not seal the letter. He did not sell this book and did not buy another. He ought not to go. Tema -
Lección 62
Agricultura.-El trabajo del campo es una de las maeras más antiguas de ganarse el sustento. La palabra puede referirse a los medios por los cuales una familia logra subsistir en unos pocos acres de tierra. Se refiere también a una de las industrias básicas de la sociedad moderna, la cual depende enteramente del agricultor para que éste produzca y venda el alimento a otros obreros que viven en las ciudades. Trigo, maíz, centeno y arroz son los principales cultivos alimenticios. Ejercicio tll.-El agricultor lleva una vida independiente en el campo, pero debe trabajar duro. Primero tiene Q.uearar sus campos para preparar la tierra para la sernílla. Luego siembra el grano, cubriéndolo con la tierra. Cuando la semilla ha germinado, hojitas verdes aparecen sobre el suelo. Poco a poco, las plantas crecen más altas, y después de cierto tiempo el nuevo grano se forma en los tallos. Cuando las plantas se ruelven amarillas, el grano está maduro. Se cosechará y lo trillarán para separarlo de la paja. Parte del grano se conservará para semilla. El resto se guardará en un silo hasta que el agricultor piense que conseguirá por él un precio mejor, o se embarcará directamente al mercado. De allí el grano va al molino, donde lo muelen para harina. Exercise 112.-ln fall the farmer must get his soil ready for the seed. In summer he harvests his corn and has it threashed and taken to the mili to be ground. When corn is ripe it is yellow or golden. I know many sorts of cereals: corn, oats, rye and barley. We make
bread with the best sort of cereal: wheat. Corn and rice grow is warm countries. Many animals eat grass: ClOWS, oxen, sheep and goats. Horses eat oats. With barley we make beer. Hay is dried grass. Straw is the stem of cereals. Corn is another word for grain; in the United Sta tes and in England the name is given to the principal crop. In England it is used for wheat; in the States for the cereal which the English call rnaize. The principal crops of rny country are: corn, rice, sugar cane and coffee. Farmers should produce more food to feed the growing cities. They can increase their crops by using fertilizers and insecticides and more modern methods. Exercise 113.-1 went yesterday to your friend's house. He was not at home. Today I go to the concert and tomorrow I shall go to the theatre. My son is at school this morning. Were you in Caracas last week? No, but I was there a month ago. He comes from Montevideo where he has been on business to buy wool and cotton. Think of writing this letter before going out. Have you anything to do? Yes, 1 have letters to write and orders to send out. I wrote him to give him the necessary information. He will come to see you tomorrow. Never answer before thinking what you are going to sayo Having finished this work, 1 shall go out. Exercíse 114.-To walk out of the room. To walk in through the door. To walk up to the second floor. To walk down the staircase. To walk away from the crowd. To walk over to the window. To walk across the street. To walk through the park. To walk back from work. To walk on until midday. Ejercicio US.-El algodón es un producto vegetal, obtenido de la planta de algodón, y es uno de los cultivos industriales más importantes del mundo. Se cultiva principalmente en Egipto, India, América Latina y en los estados meridionales de los E.U. El algodón en rama es una fibra blanca y suave' que forma una envoltura para las semillas de la planta. El algodón requiere bastante calor y algo de humedad. La fibra se recoge de las cápsulas a mano o con maquinaria y se sep'ara de las semillas en la desmontadora. Luego, en las fabricas textiles cardan la fibra Y' la reducen a hilaza. Con la hilaza se tejen telas que se usan para ropa, sábanas y ropa interior. Las semillas proporcionan buen aceite comestible. Como la planta no se puede cultivar en los países fríos, siempre hay gran demanda por el algodón en el mercado mundial. Exercise 116.-1t is not good for you to speak so much (that you should speak so much). It is not necessary for him to come today. I do not think you know that. Whatever you (may) do, do it well. Whoever he may be, I shall receive him. Is it not time for us to go? I want you to stay. He orders us to go '(He wants us to go). Go, lest he (should) wait for you in vain. Write him so that he may know where you are. 1 do not think he hears yOU. . Ejercicio 117.-Es el trabajo 10 que llena el mundo en torno de nosotros con verdadera magia. El trabajo nos viste a ti y a mí; nos alimenta, edifica nuestras casas; construye las carreteras y los coches que corren por ellas; tiende puentes por encima de los ríos y cables telegráficos a través de la tierra y debajo de las aguas; el trabajo sosecha el trigo y arregla las flores en nuestros jardines; doma los arroyos de la montaña para darnos electricidad; ilumina nuestras casas; imprime nuestros libros; dibuja nuestros mapas; construye los telescopios y aviones y naves espaciales; encuentra para nosotros el hierro y el cobre en las minas; tuerce la plata en cadenas y convierte el feo barro en hermosa loza; asegura las cuerdas en el piano y enseña a los cantantes a cantar en coro. Y cuando veas al carpintero, maestro, enfermera, maquinista, tejedor, mecanógrafa, cantante, marinero, costurera y otros trabajadores los respetarás, porque nos han dado nuestros placeres y comodidades. -
156- Curso de inglés
NOCIONES DE CORRESPONDENCIA COMERCIAL There are three distinct styles of correspondence-official or legal correspondence, which is used by Government Departments and lawyers; commercial correspondence which is used in business; and the familiar. style of letters reserved for personal correspondence. Personal letters are less formal than business letters, but otherwise there is little difference. Business letters are usually typed on letterhead paper. The printed heading gives, in addition to the name of the firm, such data as the address and nature of the business, the Post OfficeBox number, the telegraphic address and the telephone number. It also may list the Branches of the firm, if any. The date is placed in the upper right-hand comer. The inside address is typed a few lines below, at the left. The salutatiort is written below the address. Some business letters include a letter reierence in order to facilitate filing and future correspondence on the same subject, This reference should be quoted in replying. The body of the letter is divided into paragraphs. This is especiaIly important when the letter is long and deals with several subjects. The complimentary close is written below the body of the letter and it is followed by the signature. If documents are sent in the same envelope, the abbreviation Ene. for "enclosure" is typed at the bottom left-hand comer, just below the initials of the person who dictated the letter and of the typist. Example: BARTON & COMPANY Office Equiprnent 233 Arlington Road Dallas 8, Texas January 18, 19.... Webster Electric, Inc. 15 High Street Calvert, Texas Gentlemen:
Fonns of salutation Gentlemen: Dear Sirs: Dear Mr. (Mrs. or Miss) Smith: Dear Sir (Madam): Complimentary closes Yours very truly, Yours sincerelv, Sincerely yours, USEFUL PHRASES TO BEGIN A LETTER Thank you for your letter of J anuary 16. We are in receipt of your check No. Your letter and order of February 8 are both very much appreciated. This is to acknowledge receipt of your Invoice No. We have the pleasure to inform you that ... You will be glad to hear that .. ". We regret to advise that ... We endose herewith our latest price list ... We attach hereto a copy of the proposed contract ... You wiIl receive, under separate cover, some samples of ... We take pleasure in sending you some descriptive literature on our products. " We are pleased to submit for vour consideration our quotation on ... This is to apologize for ... We apologize for the delay in answering your Ietter of ... Your letter of January 11,sent by ordinary maíl, has just arrived. We regret that, owing to an error of our shippíng department . . . Further to our letter of ... With further reference to our letter of ... Confirming our telephone conversation of this morning, ... As stated in the course of our interview with your Mr. Morgan, ...
Thank you for your inquiry, reference S-196, USEFUL PHRASES TO END A LETTER of January 16. Under separate cover we are mailing a set of our current catalogs, as Should you require any additional informatío requested. please write to uso Our representative in your zone, Mr. James Looking forward to receiving further orders, we Thompson, will be glad to call on you shortly, remain, and he will be able to give you any other infor- Trusting that you wiIl receive this shipment in good mation you may desire. order, We have taken the necessary steps to prevent a repetition of such errors. Sincerely yours, Again, we regret the inconvenience caused you, We await your early instruction. BARTON & COMPANY Kindly let us know if you wish us to proceed in this matter. Shipment wiIl be held until we receive your detaíled William Holt, Sales Manager instructions. The matter is urgent and your prompt attention and reply will be greatly appreciated. WH:ad Addressing envelopes. If other than ordinary mail is used, the words: AIR MAIL,REGISTERED, or SPECIAL DELIVERY are typed in capital letters above the address. Sucb, annotations as Personal, Attention: Mr ... r Please [orward, Hold, or To be called [or are placed below the address. Example: REGISTERED Barton & Companv 233Arlington Road DaIlas 8, Texas Attention of Mr..tThompson
APPLYING FOR A POSITION In reply to your advertisem*nt in yesterday's EL DIARIO, 1 should like to apply for the position of Spanish-English correspondent, and endose herewith a short résumé of my background and experience, as weIl as the names of business and personal references to whom you may apply fo further information. 1 am twenty-five years old, married. 1 have spent several vears in the U.S. and Canada, and can handle complete correspondence in both Spanish and English, as 1 speak and write both languages fluently. " 1 would appreciate the opportunity of arranging for an interview at your convenience, and look foro ward to hearing from yOU.
Curso de inglés - 157 We have received your application for the posi:ion of Spanish-English correspondent vacant in our company, and would be pleased to have you call for an interview on Monday, October 25, at 10a.m. Please come to the Personnel Office and ask for _i1r.Marvin, who will be glad to receive you at that :une. closes
f' ~R
h very ce No.
ract ... e sarnríptive sratíon
PLACING AN ORDER When your salesman, Mr. James Bond, visited us here last October, we assured him that we would be placing a new order before the end of the year. As promised, we should like to order the following for early delivery: 12 dozen assorted nylon shirts in regular sizes 10 dozen assorted wool, nylon and stretch socks for men Please bill us at your usual terms of 90 days sight, Hoping to have your acknowledgrr ent by return mail, we are, Please find enclosed our order covering items selected from your Catalogo No. 836A. We should appreciate it if you would acknowledge receípt without delay, giving us also the expected shipping date. Our check to cover will be sent you on receipt of the merchandise in good order. CIRCULARS
ur letril, has
lipping
¡f this h your t
nation, rs, we n good It
a re-
i you.
I in this etailed ention
y's EL :ion of ! herend ex.s and
Ily for
have and Spanh Ian-
9.,
anging rk for-
We are pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. Herman Weeks as Vice President in charge of Field Operations of our companv. As you know, Mr. Weeks has had many vears' experience in direct contact with all our clients in the 6th and 10th districts, and we are sure you will all be glad to be able to address yourselves directly to him at our Main Office from now on, with regard to any problems on which you require his assistance. Mr. Weeks looks forward to hearing from you é. this address, beginning July 1. The writer would like to inform all his friends in the trade that he is retiring from active participation in this Company's affairs as of the first of the year. Our good friend, Mr. Edward Thornton, whom you have known for manv vears, will be taking over his duties on that date. We are sure he will have as much pleasure in working with you and taking care of your needs as 1 have had for many years pasto REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ANDREPLIES The H.S. Grande Company has given us your name as credit reference in connection with its first large order placed with our company. We should be grateful for any information you may give us with regard to their general solvency, mode of payment and any other data that may be helpful. Needless to say, your reply will be kept in strict confidence. Thanking you in advance for your kind cooperation, we are, We have received your inquiry of April 15 regarding the above firm, and are sorry to say that we cannot recommend that you accept orders from them except on a cash basis. Our experience has been that they are slow and irregular in their payments and that, due to frecuent changes in their personneI, we have had much difficulty in handling their account with any degree of efficiency. We are glad to be able to recommend The Holden Company without reservation, as they have handled our products on an exclusive basis in their district
for many years and we have found them entirely reliable, serious and conscientious in all their dealings. Their sales of our products have increased at a good rate each year, and we have no difficulty in making collections from them. Hoping to have been of service, we are, SHIPMENT OF MERCHANDISE In accordance with the request in your letter of April 6, we are pleased to inform you that the samples of the knives you were interested in have been shipped to you today, by parcel post. We are sure you will find the quality and finish of these knives most satisfactory in every respect, and are enclosing a price list covering the full line. We hope to receive your order soon, and remain, This is to inform you that your Order No. 367 of March 25 has been shipped today by Express Collect, as requested. Copy of our invoice and bill of lading are enclosed herewith for your convenience. We trust you will receive the goods without delay. This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of August 17, requesting information about shipment of your order of August 10. Since the goods were packed and shipped out immediately, we are sure you will have received them by the 'time this reaches yOU.If this is not the case, please let us know and we shall have the trucking company put through a tracer. We are pleased to inform you that your order for assorted scarves, handkerchiefs and blouses was shipped today via the B & H Trucking Company in three cartons, steel-strapped, as requested. We call to your attention, however, that we were not able to supply Items 10 and 12, Pure Silk Blouses, as these are imported items and permits for this type of merchandise have not been obtainable for some time now. We thank you .for this order, and remain at your service for anything further you may require, Upon receipt of your Ietter, we instructed our warehouse to fill your order as a rush order, and we expect to be able to ship within a week or ten days, taking into consideration the extra-bríght finish you wish. We shall send you our Shipping Notice as soon as the goods have gone out, so that you can know when to expect delivery. We are sorry to say that we have not been able to comply with our promised delivery date of June 15, due to the fact that the corrugated cartons vou had specified were out of stock and our supplier had to make some up especially for uso We have now received a new supplv, and shipment should go forward to you by the end of this week. Regretting any inconvenience you may have been caused, we are, It is now a month since we received vour acknowledgment of our order for glassware, but we do not yet have any notice of shipment. As we are in urgent need of this merchandise for our yearly sale beginning August 1, we would appreciate your letting us know immediately when you expect to ship. Further to our letter of Julv 3, we should like to inform you that shipment of 6 cases of gIassware was received on Julv 5, but we regret to say that there was much breakage in each of the cartons. Please inform your insurance company at once, and have the necessary inspection ordered so that we can make claim and proceed to unpack the merchandise, as there is little time left for us to place it in inventory before the start of our Annual Sale.
158- Curso de inglés
INDICE GRAMATICAL a (an) ver artículo indefinido en locuciones, 60 acento tónico, 102 en modismos, 22 adjetivos: hay, hubo, equivalentes ingleses, 7 hora del día, 15 casos de comparación, 37, 38 compuestos, 53 how, how mueh, how many, 9, 43 in, 14 doble comparativo, 59 forma y posición, 2 interrogativas, palabras, 9 formación del comparativo, 37, - conjugaciones, 6, 45, 96 38,48 into, 14 - del superlativo, 38, 48 ít, pronombre neutro sujeto, 1 it is (ít's), locución, 60 principales sufijos, 55, 59 usado como sustantivo, 53 Iet - to let, verbo activo y auxiliar, 60 - demostrativos, 3 little, 42 - indefinidos, 42 - numerales cardinales, 102, 58 make - to make en modismos, 59 - posesivos, 20, 48 many,42 may, míght, verbo defectivo, 21, adverbios: como partículas verbales, 63 61,64 much,42 de número, cantidad o cuantía, must, verbo defectivo, 21, 61 33,42 nombres: de tiempo, 54 caso posesivo inglés, 24, 41, 54 grado comparativo y superlaticompuestos, 1,29, 55 va, 57 ortografía, 1 alfabeto, 102 plural,3 any,42 forma sustantiva del gerundio, artículo definido the, 1 52 delante de números cardinales, 58 - del adl'etivo, 53 omisión, 33, 49, 50 géneros,' ,52,53 artículo indefinido a (an), 1, 51 omisión del artículo delante de at, preposición, 13 ciertos nombres, 49,50 be - to be, verbo auxiliar, 1, 60 plural: en es y en les, 4, 31 y en formas Irregulares, 18, 24, de la forma progresiva, 17, 19, 46 37,47 signo y pronunciación, 1,3 de la voz pasiva, 46 - verbo principal, 1, 4, 60 principales sufijos, 55 numerales proporcionales y múlantiguo subjuntivo, 64 en modísmos, 15. tiples, 58 ean (eould), verbo defectivo, 20, numéricas, locuciones, 58 números: 21, 46, 61 cardinales, 102-103, 12, 58 caso posesivo inglés, 24, 40, 54 ordinales, 102-103, 12, 58 complemento, parte de la oración, partitívos, 58 12,38 contracciones verbales, 102, 2, 4, of, preposición, 13 5, 23, 29, 34, 45 sur¡esión en el caso posesivo, omisión del verbo principal, 25 on, preposición, 5, 13 deletreo, nombres de las letras, delante de fechas, 14 102 do - to do, verbo activo, 21, 60 oración impersonal, 57 auxiliar de la conjugación en- orden de palabras: fática, 55 adjetivos, 2 - interrogativa, 25, 60 conjugación interrogativa, 6, 39 - negativa, 6, 39 - negativa, 23, 29, 60 preposiciones, 63 eaeh,42 pronombres personales compleevery,42 mento, 38 expresiones comunes, 103 - forma refleja, 43 - de tiempo y distancia, 54 fechas, 12, 14 ought, verbo defectivo, 61 few, 42 participio pasado ver verbos fonéticos, símbolos, 99-102 - presente ver verbos formaciones derivadas, 55, 57 partículas verbales, 63 formas débiles, 102 preposiciones, 5, 12, 13, 14 frases verbales causatívas, 54 al fin de la oración, 63 como partícula verbal, 63 from, 13 gerundio, ver verbo supresión de of, 24 going para expresar futuro cer-de to, 63 cano, 62 pronombres: got, 5 adjetivos posesivos, 20, 48 have - to have, verbo auxiliar, demostrativos, 3 1,39,45,60 forma refleja y enfática, 43, 48 usado como verbo principal, 1, indefinidos,' 42 3,9,60 interrogativos, 44, 48 en frases verbales causativas, personales, complemento, 38,45, 54 48
en régimen indirecto, 63 sujeto, 1, 48 posesivos, 41, 48 relativos, 44, 48 sobrentendidos, 63 pronunciación, 99-102 puntuación, signos de, 102 símbolos fonéticos, 99-102 some, 33, 42 shall y will, verbos defectivos, 61 auxiliares del futuro, 34, 35, 39, 61 should y would, pretérito del anterior,61 auxiliares del condicional, 36 en oración subordinada, 64 subjuntivo, 64 that, adjetivo o pronombre demostrativo, 3, 48 pronombre relativo, 48 there is (are), locución, 7, 54 tiempo, clima y hora, 15 to, partícula, signo del infinitivo, 2 supresión, 62 to, preposición, 13, 63 verbos: auxiliares, 60 condicional, 36, 39 conjugación enfática, 55 - negativa, 5, 21, 23, 29 - interrogativa, 6, 25, 35, 39 - reflexiva, 43 - regular, paradigma de la, 4 - irre¡5Ular, 11, 30, 37, 47, 56 defectivos, 21, 46, 61 forma progresiva en ing, 17, 19, 46,62 frases verbales con función subjuntivo, 64 futuro, 34, 61 en oración compuesta, 53 - enfático, 61 impersonales, 15 infinitivo, signo del, 2 supresión de to, 62 sustituye al subjuntivo, 64 participio pasado, verbos regulares, 27, 29, 47 - irregulares, 30, 47 participio presente (gerundio), 5 en la forma progresiva, 17,46 partículas verbales, 63 presente de indicativo, 8, 11, 47 desinencia de la 3~persona del singular, 8, 47 en oración subordinada, 53 pretérito, 3, 51 formación, verbos regulares, 11, 27,47 -irregulares, 30, 47 - compuesto, 39 - perfecto, 51 subjuntivo orgánico, 64 transitivos, 12, 13, 43, 63 voz pasiva, 47, 50, 57 what, 9 where,9 which,44 who,44
Nota: Los números redondos, p. ej. 44, se refieren a la lección; los números en cursivo, p. ej. 44, a la página.
